昆明盆地城市化的孔隙水水质响应

通过对1992、2004年昆明市两期Landsat5 TM遥感影象数据的处理,结合区内连续的地下水水质监测资料,对昆明盆地城市化的孔隙水水质响应进行了分析。结果表明：2004年昆明市城区建成面积在1992的基础上扩大了两倍多,城市化的发展影响到孔隙水化学场的空间格局和降雨径流关系的变化。孔隙水矿化度在年际变化上呈现出稳步增加,缓慢下降以及日趋稳定3种类型。空间上,孔隙水水质响应与城市化发展密切相关。城市扩展的外围成为地下水恶化和污染物转移的主要区域,盆地东部的金马镇附近,孔隙水矿化度由20世纪90年代初的 500~600mg/L,上升至2000年的600~800mg/L,成为水质恶化较快的区域;滇池北端的草海周边区域,由于环境保护和污染治理的力度的加强,地下水矿化度总体呈下降趋势,而往南六甲-龙马一带的湖滨农业种植区,污染在持续,地下水矿化度不断升高。随着城市的向外扩张,主城中心地下水化学场日趋稳定,多年来地下水矿化度保持在600~730mg/L左右。城市化进程对地下水环境有着正负两方面的影响,因此不断完善城市基础设施建设,加强区域环境治理和水资源管理,才是城市的健康发展之路。     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

Contributing institutional factors of rural environmental pollution in the process of modernization in China —In the perspective of the efficiency of environmental management system

With the development of rural pollution, its characteristic and institutional factor should be studied for pollution control through economics and sociology. Based on the data gathered from investigations by several government sectors, rural environmental pollution can be divided into two types by its sources: internal source type and external source type. The internal source type is the main component of rural pollution at present, which can be further divided into three types. Research shows that the contributing institutional factors of rural pollution issues and the effectiveness of environmental management system over rural pollution can be summarized as distinctiveness. In essence, the rural pollution issue results from the dualism of rural and urban areas’ inadaptability to rural modernization. In detail, the contributing factors can be summed up on three institutional levels. There are obvious loopholes in rural environmental management system which, in the meantime, is incapable and inadaptable to rural pollution control. There exist similar questions in the related public service system, which are intensified by inappropriate reform which brought about incompatible incentive in the recent years. However, in the eleventh five-year plan period, there are advantageous trends in the three institutional levels.     

Methane and carbon dioxide production from simulated anaerobic degradation of cattle carcasses

Approximately 2.2million cattle carcasses require disposal annually in the United States. Land burial is a convenient disposal method that has been widely used in animal production for disposal of both daily mortalities as well as during catastrophic mortality events. To date, greenhouse gas production after mortality burial has not been quantified, and this study represents the first attempt to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from land burial of animal carcasses. In this study, anaerobic decomposition of both homogenized and unhomogenized cattle carcass material was investigated using bench-scale reactors. Maximum yields of methane and carbon dioxide were 0.33 and 0.09m(3)/kg dry material, respectively, a higher methane yield than that previously reported for municipal solid waste. Variability in methane production rates were observed over time and between reactors. Based on our laboratory data, annual methane emissions from burial of cattle mortalities in the United States could total 1.6Tg CO(2) equivalents. Although this represents less than 1% of total emissions produced by the agricultural sector in 2009, greenhouse gas emissions from animal carcass burial may be significant if disposal of swine and poultry carcasses is also considered.     

电子设备机房空调供冷量探讨

电子设备机房的空调供冷量与普通办公室相差甚远 ,介绍了其计算方法和影响空调制冷设备实际制冷量的因素     

火灾扑救模拟演练DIS系统框架的研究

论述了分布式交互仿真 (DistributedInteractiveSimulation ,简称DIS)技术在火灾扑救模拟演练中的应用 ,给出其系统框架 ;详细描述了该DIS系统中的白方系统、蓝方系统和红方系统的具体组成功能部分 ;提出了实现这些功能的软件平台。最后给出了研究DIS在火灾扑救演练应用中的结论 ;指出未来的发展方向 ,强调了实际应用中可能出现的技术难点     

河北省环境保护工作的新举措

河北省为加强环境保护工作成立了省环保工作领导小组,强化环保机构统一监督管理,发挥各部门在环境保护工作中的作用,坚决落实建设项目环境保护“第一审批权制度”,加强环保工作的督导,健全行政执法责任制,建立人大环保监督制约机制。这些做法很好,本文对此进行简要介绍。     

新型固定床生物膜反应器硝化性能的研究

本文以无纺布作为硝化反应器的填料 ,对其硝化负荷能力进行了探讨 ,同时对硝化过程中亚硝酸盐氮积累和影响氨氮去除的原因进行了分析。在NH3 N容积负荷为 1 .7kg/(m3·d)的情况下 ,可实现 98%以上的NH3 N去除率。溶解氧浓度为 4mg/L ,进水氨氮浓度为 30 0mg/L时硝化柱内开始出现亚硝酸盐氮积累 ,通过加大曝气量等措施可在一定程度上消除其影响。停止运行两个半月后 ,可在一周内基本恢复硝化功能。     

微量元素对柠檬酸废水发酵回用的影响

本文研究了微量元素Cu2 、Fe2 、Zn2 、Mn2 、Mg2 和PO3-4 对柠檬酸中和废水发酵的影响。在经过“碱沉淀—离子交换法 (AIE法 )”处理后的废水培养基中分别加入 1× 1 0 -8g/mlMn2 、1× 1 0 -7g/mlZn2 、1× 1 0 -6 g/mlMg2 、1× 1 0 -5g/mlCu2 和 1 .5× 1 0 -2 g/mlPO3-4使产酸依次提高 2 .8%、9.0 %、1 0 .5 %、8.3%、7.2 %和 3.4 %。Fe2 的加入降低了柠檬酸产量。     

水平潜流人工湿地对污水中有机物的降解特性

采用芦苇-砾石(W1)、组合植物-砾石(W2)和芦苇-组合填料(W3)3种不同类型的水平潜流人工湿地系统处理受污染水体.当进水COD为44～96mg/L,HRT≥2d时,3个系统出水COD均<30mg/L,达到地表水环境Ⅳ类水体COD标准.W2系统在HRT≥4d时,出水COD<20mg/L,达到Ⅲ类水体COD标准.有机物降解速率依次为W2>W3>W1.GC/MS分析表明,与W1相比较,W2和W3出水中有机物的碳原子数、分子量和化合物组成类似,对污染物向低碳小分子迁移转化更为彻底.运用PCR-DGGE技术考察不同湿地系统中微生物种群及其分布特征表明,不同类型湿地系统中水生植物和填料种类及空间位置对微生物群落结构具有显著的影响.