农业流域“汇”型景观结构对径流调控及磷污染物截留作用的研究

选取天津于桥水库北岸桃花寺流域作为实验流域,进行了流域景观格局对生态水文及磷污染物迁移转化过程影响的野外实验研究.研究结果表明,流域中广泛分布于季节性河流附近的汇型景观结构(石坝、植草水道、植被过滤带、干塘、缓冲区等),通过滞留/缓冲功能,对地表径流的流速及流量具有双重调控作用,延长了养分物质在流域内部的滞留时间,对产生于不同源区的面源污染径流具有截留、吸纳、贮存作用,使径流中泥沙和磷素浓度逐渐得到降低,减少了养分对下游水体的负荷输出.多次降雨径流的监测结果表明,无论在大暴雨下的连续流事件还是在小雨下的间断流事件中,汇型景观结构均能表现出良好的养分持留功能.在2003年6月22日连续径流事件中,地表径流的流速可由系统入口处的37.2 cm·s-1降至系统出口处的11.1 cm·s-1,污染径流体积可削减50.2%,TSS、TP、TDP、DRP的持留率分别可达72.7%,69.3%,59.8%和57.9%.在间断径流事件中,污染径流全部为汇型景观结构所截留,泥沙和磷素的持留率更高.对21场降雨-径流事件的统计分析结果表明,干塘和植被过滤带是本实验流域控制污染物输出较为稳定的两种结构.     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), which is more economical compared with the traditional method for nitrogen removal, is studied in this paper. In order to find the suitable conditions of this process, a mixed flow activated sludge system under low oxygen concentration is investigated, and some key control parameters are examined for nitrogen removal from synthetic wastewater. The results show that SND is accessible when oxygen concentration is 0.3–0.8 mg/L. The nitrogen removal rate can be obtained up to 66.7% with solids retention time (SRT) of 45 d, C/N value of 10, and F/M ratio of 0.1 g COD/(g MLSS·d). Theoretical analysis indicates that SND is a physical phenomenon and governed by oxygen diffusion in flocs.     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

有机废弃物农业利用的途径与技术简介

本文对我国有机废弃物农业利用的主要途径、技术措施及其发展趋势作了论述。     

不同共代谢基质对四氯乙烯的厌氧生物降解研究

用驯化好的厌氧污泥对葡萄糖、乳酸盐和醋酸盐作为电子供体时四氯乙烯（PCE）的降解进行研究.实验结果表明,PCE是通过还原脱氯发生生物降解的.实验的回归结果表明,反应均符合一级动力学反应速率,常数的大小依次为k乳酸＞k葡萄糖＞k醋酸.表明乳酸盐作为电子供体时PCE的降解速率较快,说明在实验条件下乳酸盐是最合适的电子供体.并且在整个实验过程中由共代谢基质提供的电子供体不是PCE降解的限制因素.     

水解-酸化法在味精废水处理中的应用

结合江苏南通天字味精厂的工程实例,介绍了以水解-酸化法为主体的味精废水处理工艺的原理、特点和应用中注意的问题.该工艺运行结果表明:在治理味精废水方面具有较佳的耐冲击性能;出水稳定达标;操作运行管理方便;投资成本和运行费用均较低.从其优势看有良好的应用前景.     

造纸黑液酸析法回收木质素

研究了加酸沉淀回收碱法草浆黑液中木质素的工艺,探讨了酸浓度,温度,ｐＨ值及加酸速度对木质素回收量的影响,得出的最佳条件是：硫酸浓度为５０％,温度为４０℃￣５０℃,ｐＨ值为３．０左右,加酸速度以控制不使产生大量泡沫为准。在上述条件下,木质素的回收效果最佳。     

基于被动采样技术的水体中有机锡污染筛查取证研究

将三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)用作被动采样器,开展水体中一甲基锡(MMT)、二甲基锡(DMT)、一丁基锡(MBT)、二丁基锡(DBT)、三丁基锡(TBT)、二苯基锡(DPhT)和三苯基锡(TPhT)等7种有机锡氯化物的富集实验,膜样品经甲醇/醋酸溶液提取、乙基化衍生和正己烷萃取等前处理后,用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)进行定性和定量检测,得到水体中痕量有机锡污染的相关指纹信息。结果表明,7种目标化合物均可在TECAM膜上富集,48 h后均可达到平衡状态;有机锡富集能力差异较大,其TECAM膜/水分配系数(log KTECAM)与其辛醇-水分配系数(log Kow)呈现显著正相关性(r=0.97, n=7)。甲基锡富集能力较低,但可定性筛查;而苯基锡和丁基锡等5种目标化合物在TECAM膜上的被动采样速率在0.06～0.16 L·g~(-1)·d~(-1)范围变化,经反演所得其在水体中的时间加权平均浓度与传统的主动采样法所得浓度没有显著差异(P0.05)。因此,基于TECAM被动采样技术可以实现水体中极性范围较广的痕量有机锡污染筛查取证。     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫（Aeolosomaheadleyi）的毒性试验

赫德莱顠体虫（Ａｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型木栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易。铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为３．５５（３．１６─３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为１．８８（１．７７─２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢性试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１─１０２μｇ／Ｌ慢性暴露１０ｄ后种群可恢复的最高浓度为２１０ｕｇ／Ｌ．对此种寡毛类作为毒性试验生物的可能性作了简短的讨论。