螺旋藻多糖SPS-1的组成与结构研究

利用IR、UV、C13-NMR光谱分析技术和元素分析、HPAEC-PAD液相色谱法,对冷水提取的螺旋藻多糖SPS-1进行结构和糖基组成研究。结果发现,螺旋藻多糖的糖环是吡喃环,单糖以α-型糖苷键相连。是硫酸粘多糖,糖环上连有甲氧基和乙酰氨基,组成的糖基有六种,已知的糖基分别是D-岩藻糖、D-鼠李糖,D-葡萄糖,相对应的摩尔比为5.0:1:63.5。     

Landfill leachate treatment in assisted landfill bioreactor

Landfill is the major disposal route of municipal solid waste（MSW） in most Asian countries. Leachate from landfill presents a strong wastewater that needs intensive treatment before discharge. Direct recycling was proposed as an effective alternative for leachate treatment by taking the landfill as a bioreactor. This process was proved not only considerably reducing the pollution potential of leachate, but also enhancing organic degradation in the landfill. However, as this paper shows, although direct leachate recycling was effective in landfilled MSW with low food waste fraction （3.5%, w/w）, it failed in MSW containing 54% food waste, as normally noted in Asian countries. The initial acid stuck would inhibit methanogenesis to build up, hence strong leachate was yielded from landfill to threaten the quality of receiving water body. We demonstrated the feasibility to use an assisted bioreactor landfill, with a well-decomposed refuse layer as ex-situ anaerobic digester to reducing COD loading in leachate. By doing so, the refuse in simulated landfill column （2.3 m high） could be stabilized in 30 weeks while the COD in leachate reduced by 95%（61000 mg/L to 3000 mg/L）. Meanwhile, the biogas production was considerably enhanced, signaling by the much greater amount and much higher methane content in the biogas.     

Quantitative relationship between visibility and mass concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing

The pollution of particulate matter less than 2.5μm （PM2.5） is a serious environmental problem in Beijing. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 in 2001 from seasonal monitor results was more than 6 times that of the U,S, national ambient air quality standards proposed by U.S. EPA. The major contributors to mass of PM2.5 were organics, crustal elements and sulfate. The chemical composition of PM2.5 varied largely with season, but was similar at different monitor stations in the same season. The fine particles （PM2.5） cause atmospheric visibility deterioration through light extinction, The mass concentrations of PM2.5 were anti-correlated to the visibility, the best fits between atmospheric visibility and the mass concentrations of PM2.5 were somehow different： power in spring, exponential in summer, logarithmic in autumn, power or exponential in winter. As in each season the meteorological parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity change from day to day, probably the reason of above correlations between PM2.5 and visibility obtained at different seasons come from the differences in chemical compositions of PM2.5.     

旋流折板厌氧反应器处理城市污水试验研究

为了探讨高效低耗的城市污水处理技术,对厌氧反应器处理城市污水进行了试验研究。试验结果表明:设有回流装置的异波折板穿孔旋流厌氧反应器对COD的去除率高于不设回流装置的异波折板跳跃式厌氧反应器10%以上;通过使出水回流到第5室,回流比为100%时,COD平均去除率为52%;通过调节第3、7室的pH值,可以抑制反应器内有机酸的积累,使出水COD的去除率可达70%。     

铁钛改性膨润土对铬的吸附性能研究

通过X-荧光分析I、R光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析手段对制备的铁钛改性膨润土进行了结构分析。研究了吸附剂用量、溶液pH、吸附时间等因素对Cr(VI)吸附行为的影响,比较了去除效果。结果表明:铁钛改性膨润土去除Cr(VI)的工艺条件为:吸附剂用量为6g/L,pH=3,吸附时间为15min,改性土对Cr(VI)的去除能力明显优于原土,处理Cr(VI)浓度为22mg/L左右的电镀废水,Cr(VI)去除率均在99%以上,残留Cr(VI)浓度低于国家综合排放标准(0.5mg/L)。     

生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶甲烷排放研究

为了解我国生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业期间的甲烷排放情况,采用DM(Default Methodology)模型、LandGEM(Landfill Gas Emission Model)模型与静态箱法模拟和测试计算了杭州市天子岭生活垃圾填埋场填埋作业台阶1h的甲烷排放量,结果分别为3.65×103m3、1.52×103m3和1.11×103m3;与DM模型相比,LandGEM模型的模拟结果与现场测试结果更接近.生活垃圾填埋场在填埋作业台阶运行期间(约2年)产生的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的50%,而填埋气体主动收集系统收集率仅为43%,即在此期间未被收集利用而排放的甲烷量约占理论产生总量的29%.因此,调控填埋作业期间的甲烷排放是我国控制生活垃圾填埋场甲烷排放总量的关键之一.     

椒江口海域沉积物微生物群落及其对环境因子的响应

微生物群落在有机污染物生物地球化学循环中起着十分关键的作用。微生物群落结构和多样性及其变化在一定程度上反映了土壤的质量。宏基因组学能够在整体水平解析微生物群落结构,真实地揭示原位环境中微生物群落的复杂性和多样性。应用Illumina Mi Seq宏基因组高通量测序技术,在椒江口海域沉积物中鉴定得到古菌和细菌共33门类,变形菌门为明显的优势门类,其序列数占总数的62.1%。其他较为丰富的门类包括绿弯菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门。采用mothur软件计算Ace、Chao、Shannon、Simpson指数,结果发现,Ace、Chao的均值分别为511、518,Shannon在5.0左右,Simpson接近于0.02,显示出海域沉积物中微生物多样性较高且差异较小。通过微生物门类多样性与环境因子的相关性分析发现,PCB101、盐度和γ-氯丹对微生物门水平的群落分布具有显著性影响。计算微生物门类组成与环境因子间Spearman相关系数并绘图分析,温度、盐度、pH与多个微生物门类的组成和分布呈现明显的相关关系。     

浙江省水质自动监测管理系统构建

概述了各地在构建水质自动监测管理系统上的探索和不足。构建了水质自动监测管理系统,统一应用平台,利用仪器仪表标识集,实施监测数据辅助审核,完善数据预警统计分析功能;通过平台对现场端仪器自动巡检,实现数据集中化管理,完善水质自动监测质量控制体系,满足了环境管理需求。     

近岸海域富营养化评价方法的研究进展和比较

富营养化是沿海经济和社会发展面临的主要环境问题,近些年基于科学研究成果与经验,国外近岸海域富营养化评价方法已有长足进步,与之相比,中国现行方法仍处于初级阶段。通过文献资料分析,总结了奥斯陆-巴黎委员会、赫尔辛基委员会、欧盟水框架指令、美国海洋和大气管理局等富营养化评价方法的特点,并在应用范围、评价指标体系、标准、数据要求、程序及结果等方面进行了比较。针对中国目前近岸海域监测现状提出建议,为建立适合中国近岸海域富营养化特点的评价方法提供借鉴和参考。     

民用燃煤含碳颗粒物的排放因子测量

通过烟尘罩稀释通道系统采样,实验室模拟民用燃煤的燃烧方式,获取了不同成熟度的散煤、蜂窝煤的PM2.5、EC和OC的排放因子.民用燃煤的排放与煤炭成熟度有很大相关,不同煤种排放因子差距很大.在6种实验煤炭中,烟煤散烧的排放因子较大,其中S3煤种的排放因子最大,其PM2.5、EC和OC的实测值分别为11.06、3.51和5.39 g·kg-1;无烟煤散烧排放因子较少,S1煤种的排放因子最小,其PM2.5、EC和OC分别为0.78、0.02和0.49 g·kg-1;蜂窝煤的颗粒物以及OC排放因子与相似成熟度的散煤燃烧相当,但是EC排放相对散煤较低.EC、OC源清单工作需要对民用燃煤源进行更详细的分类,结合相应的排放因子,才能更加准确的估计这一重要排放源的贡献率.