Dispersal, density dependence, and population dynamics of a fungal microbe on leaf surfaces

Despite the ubiquity and importance of microbes in nature, little is known about their natural population dynamics, especially for those that occupy terrestrial habitats. Here we investigate the dynamics of the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (Ap) on apple leaves in an orchard. We asked three questions. (1) Is variation in fungal population density among leaves caused by variation in leaf carrying capacities and strong density-dependent population growth that maintains densities near carrying capacity? (2) Do resident populations have competitive advantages over immigrant cells? (3) Do Ap dynamics differ at different times during the growing season? To address these questions, we performed two experiments at different times in the growing season. Both experiments used a 2 x 2 factorial design: treatment 1 removed fungal cells from leaves to reveal density-dependent population growth, and treatment 2 inoculated leaves with an Ap strain engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP), which made it possible to track the fate of immigrant cells. The experiments showed that natural populations of Ap vary greatly in density due to sustained differences in carrying capacities among leaves. The maintenance of populations close to carrying capacities indicates strong density-dependent processes. Furthermore, resident populations are strongly competitive against immigrants, while immigrants have little impact on residents. Finally, statistical models showed high population growth rates of resident cells in one experiment but not in the other, suggesting that Ap experiences relatively "good" and "bad" periods for population growth. This picture of Ap dynamics conforms to commonly held, but rarely demonstrated, expectations of microbe dynamics in nature. It also highlights the importance of local processes, as opposed to immigration, in determining the abundance and dynamics of microbes on surfaces in terrestrial systems.     

城市污水处理收费标准的提高对居民承受能力的影响

以四川省14个市/县污水处理设施的融资战略分析材料为基础,首先对现行收费标准下家庭用于水和污水处理方面的支出进行了分析,并对承受能力之内的居民支付意愿进行了调查统计;利用FEASIBLE模型模拟了3种未来可能增加融资的战略,并进行了说明;在分析了不同融资战略下收费标准的增长速度后,对3种战略下城市污水处理设施收费标准的提高对居民承受力的影响进行了研究.结果表明,如果没有保护贫穷和弱势家庭的相应措施,那么任何大幅的收费增长都将难以实现.      

剩余污泥超声提取液培养生物破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S- XJ-1

将超声法预处理剩余污泥得到的提取液用于培养高效生物破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1,以探索剩余污泥资源化利用的新途径.使用超声能量(ES)为443~56647kJ/kg TS的超声条件处理剩余污泥,获得的污泥提取液中氨氮、有机氮、总磷的浓度最高分别为171.94,142.20, 76.29mg/L,提取液中包含K、Ca、Mg、Fe等破乳菌生长必须的金属元素.将污泥提取液(ES为885~56647kJ/kg TS)作为培养基用于合成高效破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1,产量较MMSM培养基可提高0.3%~68.3%,其中ES为56647kJ/kg TS时破乳菌产量最高,为2.03g/L.污泥提取液中的pH缓冲能力对菌体产量有重要影响,提取液的有机氮浓度可能是破乳菌产量提高的关键因素.污泥提取液培养的破乳菌破乳性能稳定保持在80.0%左右,菌体细胞表面疏水性与菌体C/N较MMSM培养基培养菌体无明显差异.说明以剩余污泥超声提取液作为培养基可以培养稳定高效的破乳菌Alcaligenes sp. S-XJ-1.     

农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究进展

农户视角土地利用对环境压力的适应研究已成为气候变化和持续性科学领域的热点。 文章从适应能力决定因素识别、适应障碍和限制因素诊断、适应的生态环境后果评估三个方面综述了农户土地利用对环境压力的适应研究取得的重要进展;梳理了农户适应环境压力的研究方法：综合指数法、参与式评估法、统计和计量经济模型法、适应的共同管理模型法。基于已有研究的特征和转型适应的需要,提出了有待进一步研究的问题：①构建适应研究的理论框架,为经验研究提供理论支撑;②重视提高农户适应能力的制度政策和农户适应实践的生态环境后果评估,为持续适应提供依据;③跨多层次主体综合考察农户土地利用适应过程机理; ④基于系统论思想、多学科和跨学科知识,以及现有方法论基础,构建涉及多层次利益相关主体的农户土地利用对环境压力的适应共同管理模型,以实现适应的科学的社会治理。     

辽河浮游植物群落及生物多样性基准验证

为建立中国水环境生态学基准体系,并验证其合理性,于2011和2012年夏季,对辽河水系浮游植物群落结构特征进行了调查,并结合所收集到的资料,初步验证了辽河水系浮游植物生物多样性基准值的合理性.两次采样共检出6门169种及变种;细胞密度均值分别为4.91×106,7.04×106个/L,优势类群为硅藻和绿藻.共检出污染指示种59种,其中乙型中污指示种最多,为53种;检出优势种35种,主要为硅藻.综合各生物指标显示辽河水系夏季为富营养型中度污染水体.Shannon指数(H)在1.18~3.56之间,均未达到本文参考的基准值3.65,分析结果显示用于计算基准值所选取的参照点较为合适,通过分析辽河水系及我国其他一些河流的Shannon指数与水质状况,初步认为,该基准值偏高,建议辽河水系设定基准值的下限H=3.29.     

Comparison of white-footed mice and rice rats as biomonitors of polychlorinated biphenyl and metal contamination

A study was conducted to assess differences in contaminant assimilation among co-occurring white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) and rice rats (Oryomys palustris) captured at a contaminated site. Rodents were collected from five areas at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP), a uranium enrichment facility. Relatively few white-footed mice (8.7%) had quantifiable concentrations of PCBs compared to 42% of rice rats (chi2 = 6.49, d.f. = 1, P < 0.025), and seven of the 11 rice rats (64%) over 50 g body mass had quantifiable concentrations of PCBs in their livers. White-footed mice had higher mean concentrations of barium (P < 0.0001), chromium (P = 0.0010), copper (P = 0.0011), lead (P = 0.0335), and aluminum (P = 0.0006) than rice rats at all five sampling areas. Species-specific differences in accumulation of PCBs and metals were observed and attributed to differences in habitat use and foraging strategies.     

氰化物的酶法处理

英国帝国化学公司生物产品开发部发明了一种用酶去除氰化物的新方法.该法原理建立在使用一种称作《Cyclear》生物催化剂基础之上.该生物催化剂由一种籍连续发     

铁路调度集中系统安全策略的研究

随着我国铁路调度集中系统的不断建设 ,系统的安全性问题日益突出 ,对于系统安全问题的研究 ,不仅关系到铁路的安全运营 ,更关系到铁路行业的安全形象。笔者通过对调度集中系统的研究 ,针对系统规模大、联动性强、安全问题多的特点 ,重点从安全管理和安全技术两方面进行分析 ,根据分析结果 ,提出了适合系统的安全策略 ;并对系统安全策略的两方面即安全管理策略和安全技术策略 ,分别进行了详尽的阐述 ;依据此安全策略 ,初步设计铁路运输调度指挥管理信息系统 (DMIS)的安全防护体系 ;并依照安全策略 ,对某铁路分局的调度指挥管理系统进行了设计和实施 ,有效地解决了DMIS的安全问题     

震害的动态预测

利用多层递阶模型，在选取影响人口损失大小的动态因子的基础上，建立了可应用于未来人口损失估计的动态预测模型，并由此对中国大陆各区域未来10a的人口损失进行了预测。     

Nitrogen and carbon leaching in agroecosystems and their role in denitrification potential

The drainage of water and leaching of dissolved constituents represent major components of agroecosystem mass budgets that have been exceedingly difficult to measure. Equilibrium-tension lysimeters (ETLs) were used to monitor drainage, nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) leaching through Plano silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudoll) for a 4-yr period in a restored prairie and N-fertilized no-tillage and chisel-plowed maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems. Mean drainage recorded during 4 yr for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems totaled 461, 1,116, and 1,575 mm and represented 16, 33, and 47% of precipitation plus melting of drifted snow received, respectively. Total inorganic N leaching losses during the 4-yr period for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems were 0.6, 201, and 179 kg N ha(-1), respectively. Inorganic N leaching represented 26 and 24% of applied fertilizer N additions to the no-tillage and chisel-plowed agroecosystems. Total dissolved C leaching losses were 119, 435, and 502 kg C ha(-1) for the prairie, no-tillage, and chisel-plowed ecosystems, respectively. Sufficient dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrate N (NO3- -N) existed in the prairie and agroecosystems to support subsoil denitrification. Potential denitrification, however, was limited by insufficient lengths of saturated soil conditions in all three ecosystems, the supply of DOC in the agroecosystems, and the supply of nitrate N in the prairie. Based on available DOC and nitrate N, the maximum contribution of denitrification below the root zone in the agroecosystems was less than 25% of the total amount of leached nitrate N and the probable contribution of denitrification was much less.