纳米TiO_2/Nafion修饰金电极溶出伏安法测量痕量铜

利用纳米二氧化钛(nano-TiO2)的结构特性,采用滴涂法制备了一种nano-TiO2/Nafion修饰金电极,采用差分脉冲溶出伏安法实现了水样中痕量铜的检测。详细研究了Cu2+在nano-TiO2/Nafion修饰金电极上的电化学响应行为,并讨论了nano-TiO2/Nafion膜的厚度、溶液pH值、富集电位、富集时间等对Cu2+溶出峰电流的影响。实验结果表明:在pH=2.0硝酸溶液中,-0.5 V恒电位搅拌富集240 s,静置10 s后阳极化扫描,Cu2+在0.25 V左右出现阳极溶出峰。相比于裸金电极,该峰电流大大提高,表明nano-TiO2对Cu2+的溶出具有一定的增敏作用。在最优化实验条件下,10~900 nmol/L范围内,Cu2+的溶出峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限可达3.2 nmol/L。该修饰电极具有一定的抗干扰能力,将其应用于国标样品和实际自来水样中Cu2+的检测,结果令人满意。     

探索我国环保产业融资新模式——“绿色信托”

尽管政府正不断加大环保投资数量,但环保行业的资金缺口仍然巨大,迫切需要新的融资渠道。信托凭借制度优势,近年发展成为热门的投融资方式之一。把作为融资手段的信托引入环保行业,建立绿色信托的理念,并分析其可行性,将是探索环保行业融资模式的一条新路。     

运用税费政策控制机动车污染排放

快速增加的机动车数量,对城市大气质量造成了严重威胁.根据第一次全国污染源普查公报,2007年机动车排放总颗粒物59.06万吨,氮氧化物549.65万吨,一氧化碳3947.46万吨,碳氢化合物478.62万吨.目前,全国约1/5的城市大气污染严重,113个重点城市中1/3以上空气质量达不到国家二级标准,机动车排放成为部分城市大气污染主要来源.     

中国对外投资中的环境管理研究

自"走出去"战略实施以来,我国对外投资步伐明显加快,规模日益扩大,取得了显著成绩。随着全球环境问题频发,经济、贸易与环境的关系日益成为人们关注的焦点。我国"走出去"企业的数量大大增加,国际舆论开始关注中国企业在海外的环境行为。一些媒体对中国企业社会责任方面进行批评,个别媒体还存在恶意歪曲中国形象的嫌疑。通过对中国对外投资环境问题进行研究和反思,我们确实发现中国企业在海外可能存在着很大的环境风险。这些问题如不能很好地解决,将影响我国的国际形象,也影响我国"走出去"战略的实施。中国对外投资企业的环境行为需要相关政策进行引导,也需要配套的环境咨询和服务业的支持。我国针对对外投资的环境保护政策还存在缺陷,现行的与环境相关的政策在操作和执行层面仍有待加强,应尽快出台相应的指南来引导和规范企业在对外投资中的环境行为,防范环境风险。     

贵州乌都河流域雨季河水水化学特征及其控制因素

乌都河是贵州西部典型的矿业型岩溶山地流域.对乌都河流域干流、支流、泉水和矿井水进行采样分析,通过Gibbs图、Piper图和数理统计分析等方法,研究了乌都河流域水化学特征及控制因素,并计算了不同因子对河水的贡献率.结果表明,乌都河流域水体pH值范围为7.87~8.52,均值为8.14;ρ（TDS）范围为135~243 mg ·L^-1,均值为191.7 mg ·L^-1.天然河水和泉水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-为主,水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型;但受矿业活动影响后,部分支流河水中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Na⁺为主,水化学类型过渡为HCO₃ ·SO₄-Ca和HCO₃ ·SO₄-Ca ·Na型.乌都河流域河水离子组分受矿井水排放和阳离子交换作用、碳酸盐岩风化、硅酸盐岩风化和农业施肥这4个因子的影响.矿井水中具有较高浓度的SO₄^2-和Na⁺,是乌都河支流河水中SO₄^2-和Na⁺的主要来源.化学物质平衡法计算表明,碳酸盐岩风化的贡献率为44.12%~86.92%,均值为74.32%;矿业活动的贡献率为3.28%~37.07%,均值为11.61%;碳酸盐岩风化是乌都河流域河水水化学的主控因素,矿业活动对河水水化学组分也有不可忽视的贡献.大气降水、硅酸盐岩风化、农业活动和生活污水的贡献率均值分别为3.75%、4.67%、2.85%和2.81%,对流域水化学的影响有限.     

“双碳”背景下高校《环境监测》课程融入“碳监测”初探北大核心CSCD

国家“双碳”战略目标急需“碳监测”专业技术人才,高校《环境监测》课程正是培养此类人才的核心课程之一,因此该课程顺应时代发展、变革创新的需求迫在眉睫。论述了高校在现行《环境监测》课程中融入“碳监测”内容的必要性和紧迫性,提出了碳监测的教学目标、教学要求,从理论和实践两个方面对碳监测的主要教学内容进行了探讨,并在此基础上,结合目前大多数高校使用的《环境监测》教材,设想了需要融入的具体碳监测教学内容及其安排,提出了利用课程设计、实验、参观及专家讲座和实习等多种方式丰富实践教学内容的建议,以期为高校环境监测课程根据时代发展不断丰富和拓展教学内容提供启示。     

关于奥式热水锅炉水冷壁管子变形技术分析

奥式热水锅炉是由澳大利亚引进的系列热水锅炉（以下简称奥炉）新技术,详见附图1、2所示,本锅炉结构紧凑,炉膛容积大,燃烧效果好,热效率高,是其显著优点。奥炉有其利也有其弊,其它炉型也一样,凡是有它先进的一面,优越的一面,同时也会存在其不足之处。     

Nitrogen fertilizer replacement value of cattle slurry in grassland as affected by method and timing of application

Slurry application with methods such as trailing shoe (TS) results in reduced emissions of ammonia (NH3) compared with broadcast application using splashplate (SP). Timing the application during cool and wet weather conditions also contributes to low NH3 emissions. From this perspective, we investigated whether reduced NH3 emissions due to improved slurry application method and timing results in an increase in the nitrogen (N) fertilizer replacement value (NFRV). The effects of application timing (June vs. April) and application method (TS vs. SP) on the apparent N recovery (ANR) and NFRV from cattle slurry applied to grassland were examined on three sites over 3 yr in randomized block experiments. The NFRV was calculated using two methods: (i) NFRV(N) based on the ANR of slurry N relative to mineral N fertilizer; and (ii) NFRV(DM) based on DM yield. The TS method increased the ANR, NFRV(N), and NFRV(DM) compared with SP in the 40- to 50-d period following slurry application by 0.09, 0.10, and 0.10 kg kg(-1), respectively. These values were reduced to 0.07, 0.06, and 0.05 kg kg(-1), respectively, when residual harvests during the rest of the year were included. The highest NFRV(DM) for the first harvest period was with application in April using STS (0.30 kg kg(-1)), while application in June with SP had the Slowest (0.12 kg kg(-1)). The highest NFRV(DM) for the cumulative harvest period was with application in April using TS (0.38 kg kg(-1)), while application in June with SP had the lowest (0.17 kg kg(-1)). Improved management of application method, by using TS instead of SP, and timing, by applying slurry in April rather than June, offer potential to increase the NFRV(DM) of cattle slurry applied to grassland.     

Nitrate production and availability in residential soils

The rapid increase in residential land area in the United States has raised concern about water pollution associated with nitrogen fertilizers. Nitrate (NO3-) is the form of reactive N that is most susceptible to leaching and runoff; thus, a more thorough understanding of nitrification and NO3(-) availability is needed if we are to accurately predict the consequences of residential expansion for water quality. In particular, there have been few assessments of how the land use history, housing density, and age of residential soils influence NO3(-) pools and fluxes, especially at depth. In this study, we used 1 m deep soil cores to evaluate potential net nitrification and mineralization, microbial respiration and biomass, and soil NO3(-) and NH4+ pools in 32 residential home lawns that differed by previous land use and age, but had similar soil types. These were compared to eight forested reference sites with similar soils. Our results suggest that a change to residential land use has increased pools and production of reactive N, which has clear implications for water quality in the region. However, the results contradict the common assumption that NO3(-) production and availability is dramatically higher in residential soils than in forests in general. While net nitrification (128.6 +/- 15.5 mg m(-2) d(-1) vs. 4.7 +/- 2.3 mg m(-2) d(-1); mean +/- SE) and exchangeable NO3(-) (3.8 +/- 0.5 g/m2 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.3 g/m2) were significantly higher in residential soils than in forest soils in this study, these measures of NO3(-) production and availability were still notably low, comparable to deciduous forest stands in other studies. A second unexpected result was that current homeowner management practices were not predictive of NO3(-) availability or production. This may reflect the transient availability of inorganic N after fertilizer application. Higher housing density and a history of agricultural land use were predictors of greater NO3(-) availability in residential soils. If these factors are good predictors across a wider range of sites, they may be useful indicators of NO3(-) availability and leaching and runoff potential at the landscape scale.     

Escaping to and being active in neighbourhood parks: park use in a post-disaster setting

Neighbourhood parks may serve as a coping resource in post-disaster communities, yet little is known about the impact of large-scale disasters on park use. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) on park use by visitors from flooded areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, compared to visitors from non-flooded areas. In 2006 and 2007, following Hurricane Katrina, 201 adults who visited 27 New Orleans parks were interviewed. Visitors from flooded neighbourhoods used their parks less often and were less likely to engage in animal interaction than visitors from non-flooded neighbourhoods. They placed more importance on escape and physically-active motivations than visitors from non-flooded areas. Social reasons were also more important to visitors from flooded areas, but these differences disappeared after adjusting for race. Neighbourhood parks are a community asset that may play a role in the post-disaster recovery process by providing opportunities for escape and physical activity.