Degradation of indomethacin in river water under stress and non-stress laboratory conditions: degradation products, long-term evolution and adsorption to sediment

The pharmaceutical compound indomethacin is not totally removed in wastewater treatment plants,whose effluents flow into aquatic environments;concentrations in the 0.1-100 ng/L range are commonly found in surface waters,and its fate is unknown.Here,biological,photochemical and thermal degradation assays were conducted under stress and non-stress conditions to estimate its degradation rate in river water and establish its degradation products over time.The results revealed that direct sunlight irradiation promoted the complete degradation of indomethacin(2 μg/L) in less than 6 hr,but indomethacin was detected over a period of 4 months when water was kept under the natural day-night cycle and the exposure to sunlight was partially limited,as occurs inside a body of water.The biological degradation in water was negligible,while the hydrolysis at pH 7.8 was slow.Residues were monitored by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction,and six degradation products were found;their structures were proposed based on the molecular formulae and fragmentation observed in high-resolution tandem mass spectra.4-Chlorobenzoic and 2-acetamido-5-methoxybenzoic acids were the long-term transformation products,persisting for at least 30 weeks in water kept under non-stress conditions.Furthermore,the degradation in the presence of sediment was also monitored over time,with some differences being noted.The adsorption coefficients of indomethacin and degradation products on river sediment were calculated;long-term degradation products did not have significant adsorption to sediment.     

毛竹入侵对常绿阔叶林主要树种的化感作用研究

为探讨毛竹入侵对周边森林环境的影响,以毛竹浸提液处理苦槠、青冈种子,测定种子萌发效应.结果表明,两树种种子萌发与浸提液浓度和来源有关.浓度效应表现为高抑低促的作用规律,高浓度处理下苦槠的发芽率为对照的82.3%~102.2%,青冈为对照的80%~90.9%,而低浓度处理下分别为对照的101.7%~107.6%和94.9%~109.1%.除低浓度处理对苦槠发芽速度无影响外,其他处理均对两树种发芽速度有显著的延缓作用(P<0.05).高浓度浸提液对苦槠根系活力有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率为41.1%~62.4%.不同来源浸提液处理间差异明显,根系浸提液处理的种子发芽率最低.苦槠芽苗的芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异不显著(P>0.05),而青冈芽苗芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异显著(P<0.05),茎叶、根系与枯落物浸提液高于土壤浸提液.这些结果说明毛竹具有潜在的化感作用,可能有利于其入侵周边森林,从而危害周边森林环境.     

好氧颗粒污泥同步脱氮除磷的常温启动和低温维持

为了考察好氧颗粒污泥(aerobic granular sludge,AGS)同步脱氮除磷(simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal,SNPR)能力,以及在低温条件下的适应情况,采用2个SBR反应器(命名为A、B)以厌氧/好氧方式处理实际生活污水,历时254 d.反应器以沉淀时间为选择压,均在20 d内培养获得AGS,在第42 d加入不同附加碳源(分别为丙酸钠+乙酸钠和葡萄糖),调节COD∶N∶P的比例约为360∶60∶6,2个反应器均获得了夏秋季4个月长期稳定的SNPR效果,A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为98.42%、74.25%和94.79%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为99.45%、75.96%和95.60%;在低温的影响下,2个反应器分别经35 d4、9 d逐渐恢复了稳定的SNPR效果,之后A的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率分别为96.33%、79.49%和99.68%,B的出水NH4+-N、TIN和PO43--P平均去除率则分别为93.85%、76.44%和98.44%....     

2013年10月长株潭城市群一次持续性空气污染过程特征分析

2013年10月21~31日长株潭城市群经历了一次持续性空气污染过程.利用地面空气质量监测资料、地面气象资料及探空资料综合分析了此次污染过程与大气环流、边界层气象条件之间的相互关系,并利用卫星遥感火点监测资料和HYSPLIT4模式,分析了此次过程大气污染物的来源及输送路径.结果表明,过程前期(21~26日),污染物缓慢积累,过程后期(27~31日),PM2.5、CO、NO2等焚烧特征污染物浓度急剧升高,秸秆焚烧污染物的长距离输送是后期空气污染加重的主要原因.火点监测和后向轨迹分析表明,过程前期气流主要流经长株潭城市群东北方向的安徽、湖北等地,流经地区火点分布较少,后期气流主要流经长株潭城市群东南方向的江西等地,流经地区火点分布较多.高压均压场背景环流导致的稳定大气层结、南北冷暖气流对峙造成的地面静小风,是长株潭城市群污染过程发展、维持和加强的重要条件,污染物长距离输送对长株潭城市群区域空气质量有重要影响.     

爆炸振动环境中电子装备的损伤模拟

对电子装备爆炸振动损伤模式进行了分析,确定了评判准则,并以此为基础对装备损伤的模拟进行研究,建立了爆炸地面振动及结构响应模型、装备结构模型、装备结构响应模型和振动损伤模拟模型.     

解磷细菌Klebsiella sp. M2钝化重金属及阻控小麦吸收Cd和Pb效应

解磷微生物能够将土壤中难溶性的磷转化为可供植物吸收的磷,同时可溶性磷酸盐也能与重金属结合生成沉淀,降低土壤中有效态重金属的含量,进而阻控作物对重金属的吸收,在重金属污染土壤修复中发挥着重要的作用. 通过溶液培养试验研究解磷细菌Klebsiella sp. M2固定Cd和Pb以及释放PO₄^3-的规律,并通过盆栽试验探究菌株M2对小麦吸收Cd和Pb的影响及其微生物学机制. 结果显示,菌株M2通过细胞壁吸附和诱导磷酸盐沉淀降低溶液中Cd和Pb的浓度,并增加溶液中PO₄^3-的浓度. 盆栽试验表明,与不接菌和接灭活菌M2对照相比,接种活菌株M2后能够显著提高（123%~293%）土壤Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P的含量,降低小麦根际土壤中DTPA-Cd（34.48%）和DTPA-Pb（36.72%）的含量,进而阻控小麦籽粒对Cd和Pb的富集. 此外,高通量测序结果表明,菌株M2显著提高了小麦根际细菌群落的多样性,提高了小麦根际土壤中Proteobacteria、Gemmatimonadetes和Bacteroidota的相对丰度,同时增加小麦根际土壤中具有重金属固定和解磷促生特性细菌的相对丰度（主要为Sphingomonas、Nocardioides、Bacillus、Gemmatimonas和Enterobacter）,而这些菌属在钝化重金属和阻控小麦吸收重金属的过程中发挥了重要作用. 研究结果可为重金属污染农田的生物修复提供菌种资源和理论依据.     

核能利用与环境保护

通过分析核能的起源与发展,世界核电发展现状,论述核能对环境影响和核能利用的环侏对策,预测核能是今后解决能源危机最主要也是最本质的途径,并对核能大发展的情况下可能对环境产生的影响进行了评述。     

水平渗滤系统的污染物去除效果及动力学分析

基于人工快渗(CRIS)和水平潜流人工湿地(HSSFCWs)构建了水平流人工渗滤系统(HFCIS),研究了该系统对耗氧有机物(以COD计)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)的沿程去除情况和污染物在系统内的垂向分布情况,并进行了动力学分析。结果表明,在水力负荷为0.083 m·d⁻¹、进水耗氧有机物(以COD计)浓度为220~630 mg·L⁻¹、NH₄⁺-N质量浓度为13~47 mg·L⁻¹时,COD、NH₄⁺-N的去除率分别为88.6%和91.9%以上。在水力负荷为0.25 m·d⁻¹的条件下,进水耗氧有机物(以COD计)和NH₄⁺-N质量浓度分别为613~690 mg·L⁻¹和36~48 mg·L⁻¹时,总去除率分别为95.5%和78.2%以上。水平方向沿程污染物质量浓度呈现逐渐衰减的趋势,污染物降解符合一阶动力学模型,去除速率常数在CRIS和HSSFCWs的速率常数范围内并处于较高水平。该HFCI系统填料简单,复氧效果好,污染物去除性能优异,提高了土地利用率,建造位置选择较为灵活,在分散式污水处理中有独特的优势。     

生物炭输入对城郊农业区农田地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响

为了探究生物炭输入对地表反照率及土壤呼吸的影响,通过田间小区试验的方法,在不同生物炭用量[0（CK）、0.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC0.5）、4.5 kg·（m²·a）^-1（BC4.5）]不同地表条件下[种植作物（以+表示）、裸地（以-表示）],对农田地表反照率、土壤温湿度、土壤CO₂排放通量、土壤有机碳组分等指标进行了测定分析.结果表明,在作物生长前期（玉米的苗期至拔节期、小麦苗期至越冬期）,BC4.5+、BC0.5+的地表反照率相较CK+处理均有显著下降（P<0.05）,小麦季最大降幅分别为23.7%、17.9%,玉米季最大降幅分别为44.5%、44.9%.随叶面积指数增加,地表反照率在3个处理间的差异随之逐渐消失,作物覆盖可有效缓解生物炭输入导致的地表反照率的降低效应;裸地条件下,生物炭处理的地表反照率较对照处理在全部的观测中均有显著下降（P<0.05）;生物炭在输入初期可显著增加土壤CO₂释放量（P<0.05）,但其增幅随时间逐渐减小,其中BC4.5+较CK+的增幅从276.7%逐步降低至36.1%,BC4.5-较CK-的增幅从163.5%明显减弱至39.8%.生物炭处理较对照处理增加的CO₂释放量主要来自生物炭-土壤共存体系中的易分解碳组分,其土壤CO₂释放通量与土壤水溶性有机碳含量呈显著相关（P<0.05）;生物炭输入导致的地表反照率变化未对土壤呼吸产生直接的影响,而且生物炭输入可降低土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q10值,表明生物炭具有一定的化学和生物学稳定性.     

Achieving nitritation at low temperatures using free ammonia inhibition on Nitrobacter and real-time control in an SBR treating landfill leachate

Free ammonia(FA) inhibition on nitrite-oxidized bacteria(NOB) and real-time control are used to achieve nitrogen removal from landfill leachate via nitrite pathway at low temperatures in sequencing batch reactor. The inhibition of FA on NOB activity during the aerobic period was prolonged using real-time control. The degree of nitrite accumulation was monitored along with variations of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and NOB population using fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. It is demonstrated that the end-point of ammonia oxidization is detected from the on-line measured dissolved oxygen,oxidization–reduction potential, and p H signals, which could avoid the loss the FA inhibition on NOB caused by excess aeration. At low temperature(13.0–17.6°C), the level of nitrite pathway rapidly increased from 19.8% to 90%, suggesting that nitritation was successfully started up at low temperature by applying syntrophic association of the FA inhibition and real-time control, and then this high level of nitrite pathway was stably maintained for as long as 233 days. Mechanism analysis shows that the establishment of nitritation was primarily the result of predominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria developed in the nitrifying bacteria population compared to NOB. This was mainly due to a gradual reduction of nitrite amount that is available to provide energy for the growth of NOB,eventually leading to the elimination of NOB from the bacterial clusters in sequencing batch reactor sludge system.