鼠李糖脂强化生物滴滤塔去除乙苯废气效能及菌群结构研究

对添加表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后生物滴滤塔(BTF)去除乙苯废气的效能及滴滤塔中微生物16S r DNA高通量测序结果进行分析,探讨了鼠李糖脂对生物滴滤塔处理有机废气效能的影响机理.结果发现:鼠李糖脂在浓度为21.6 mg·L~(-1)时对微生物生长的促进作用尤为明显,BTF2(添加鼠李糖脂)和BTF1(对照)在挂膜启动期间生物量都呈现出逐渐增加的趋势,添加鼠李糖脂的BTF2在第35 d时生物量比BTF1增加了39.62 mg·g-1.BTF2的挂膜启动时间比BTF1缩短了5 d,并且系统挂膜稳定后对乙苯废气的去除率提高了12%.BTF1和BTF2的微生物群落组成基本相同,主要优势菌群是变形杆菌门.在BTF1系统中,变形杆菌门占62.3%;在BTF2系统中,变形杆菌门占81.9%.在属水平上,BTF1下层系统的主要优势菌属占45.7%,在BTF2下层系统主要优势菌属占73.4%.研究表明,在BTF系统中添加鼠李糖脂可以促进优势菌的富集生长,缩短系统启动挂膜时间,强化BTF系统对乙苯的降解,并提高BTF的去除效率和稳定性.     

废物焚烧厂烟气中PCDD/Fs和PCNs的排放特征

采用同位素内标稀释高分辨气质联用分析法,对废物焚烧厂的烟气样品PCDD/Fs和PCNs进行了测定,分析了其排放特征以及相关性,为有组织排放的PCDD/Fs和PCNs的控制提供理论依据.实验结果表明,空白实验中未发现明显的背景干扰;样品中PCDD/Fs的采样内标回收率范围为74.0%~90.1%,提取内标的回收率范围为53.3%~120.0%,均符合US EPA23和CHN HJ77.2-2008的质量控制标准;PCDD/Fs的同系物浓度均随着氯取代数目的增加而增加,而PCNs同系物则随着氯取代数目的增加表现出先增大后减小的规律.同系物之间的皮尔森相关系数分析结果可知,这两类污染物相邻同系物相关性系数明显大于非相邻同系物相关性系数,表明低氯代同系物可能是生成高氯代同系物的一个重要途径.此外,PCNs和PCDD/Fs同系物的线性相关分析结果表明,一些PCNs化合物（PeCN、HxCN、HpCN、OCN）与某些PCDD/Fs（OCDD、PeCDF、HxCDF、HpCDF）具有良好的相关性（R²=0.55~0.78）,由此推断在废物焚烧过程中这些同系物可能具有相类似的生成机制.     

芜湖市交通区表层土壤多环芳烃与黑碳研究

采集芜湖市交通区和对照绿地共40个表层土壤（0~5cm）样品.应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）测定样品中26种多环芳烃（PAHs）及甲基多环芳烃的浓度,应用化学热氧化法（CTO-375,BC_CTO）、湿化学氧化法（K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄,BC_Cr）分别测定样品中黑碳（BC）的含量,分析交通区表层土壤PAHs、BC的分布特征、影响区域、相互关系,并利用石油污染指标、多特征比值、正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）对表层土壤样品中的PAHs进行来源解析.结果表明：表层土壤中PAHs、BC_Cr、BC_CTO的含量均值分别为3.63μg/g,10.23g/kg,2.93g/kg,浓度范围分别为0.075~28.76μg/g,3.78~27.13g/kg,1.07~10.36g/kg.土壤中PAHs、BC的浓度受距路远近影响,距路越近,浓度越高;且呈现出重要交通节点、路口 > 干路、支路 > 绿地的趋势,干支路无显著差异;车流量不是影响交通区土壤PAHs、BC浓度的决定因素,车辆的运行状态是其主导因素.土壤中PAHs以中高环为主.表层土壤中PAHs与两类BC都具有较好的相关性,对照绿地相关性不显著,表明BC对PAHs在土壤中的累积有重要影响,但受其他因素干扰.源解析表明表层土壤样品中PAHs主要来源于交通源.     

重复再生混凝土性能和环境影响研究

基于生命周期评价方法,考虑混凝土重复再生利用的环境影响分配,对重复再生混凝土的性能和环境影响进行研究,并基于功效系数法优化出混凝土最佳重复再生次数.研究结果表明,再生混凝土的坍落度,强度和电通量随着重复再生循环次数的增加而下降,经3次重复再生后,混凝土28d立方体抗压强度为33.3MPa,满足设计要求,而坍落度和电通量与普通混凝土相比,分别减小和增大了38.9%和85.7%;混凝土材料的生态效率随着混凝土重复再生次数的增加而提高,混凝土材料的GWP、CED和CMR的值均随着混凝土重复再生次数的增加而降低,降低幅度从高到低依次为：CMR > GWP > CED;综合考虑混凝土的坍落度,混凝土抗压强度、电通量、GWP、CED和CMR等6个指标,4种混凝土配合比情景中,混凝土总功效系数从高到低依次为：一次再生混凝土 > 二次再生混凝土 > 三次再生混凝土 > 普通混凝土.     

林冠特征对城市森林斑块消减空气PM2.5质量浓度的影响

研究城市森林斑块消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,以及这种能力的主要影响因素,对改善城市空气环境具有重要的意义.本研究测定了南昌市典型城市森林斑块消减PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力(PM_(2.5)AC),并分析了PM_(2.5)AC对城市森林斑块林分组成、冠层特征的响应.研究表明:南昌市城市森林斑块具有显著消减空气PM_(2.5)质量浓度的能力,其中针叶林斑块PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到9.15%,阔叶纯林最低3.82%;整体上春季PM_(2.5)AC最高,达到7.34%,冬季最低3.76%.城市森林斑块PM_(2.5)AC与林冠特征中的LAI(叶面积指数)显著正相关,与DIFN(天空开度)显著负相关,与斑块特征中的斑块面积、林分结构、斑块总叶面积显著正相关.通过综合分析,城市森林斑块总叶面积是主导PM_(2.5)AC的主要影响因素.     

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.     

Effects of turbulence on carbon emission in shallow lakes

Turbulent mixing is enhanced in shallow lakes. As a result, exchanges across the air–water and sediment–water interfaces are increased, causing these systems to be large sources of greenhouse gases. This study investigated the effects of turbulence on carbon dioxide(CO_2)and methane(CH_4) emissions in shallow lakes using simulated mesocosm experiments.Results demonstrated that turbulence increased CO_2 emissions, while simultaneously decreasing CH_4 emissions by altering microbial processes. Under turbulent conditions, a greater fraction of organic carbon was recycled as CO_2 instead of CH_4, potentially reducing the net global warming effect because of the lower global warming potential of CO_2 relative to CH_4. The CH_4/CO_2 flux ratio was approximately 0.006 under turbulent conditions, but reached 0.078 in the control. The real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated that methanogen abundance decreased and methanotroph abundance increased under turbulent conditions, inhibiting CH_4 production and favoring the oxidation of CH_4 to CO2.These findings suggest that turbulence may play an important role in the global carbon cycle by limiting CH4 emissions, thereby reducing the net global warming effect of shallow lakes.     

基于贝叶斯网络的建筑火灾动态风险评估方法研究

为提高建筑火灾风险评估的准确性,建立1种智能化的动态风险评估方法。针对具体建筑的风险评估,以物联网技术为基础,构建智能消防监测系统,在建筑日常使用过程中通过动态风险评估,实现火灾风险要素的实时监测、数据传输,充分发挥大数据、云计算的支撑作用,将贝叶斯网络方法引入火灾风险定量评估过程,构建火灾动态风险评估模型;结合具体的应用实例,分析不确定因素对风险评估结果的影响。研究结果表明:基于贝叶斯网络的动态风险评估方法能较准确地反映建筑火灾风险的可能性,达到实时监测、动态评估的效果。     

水解酸化-地下渗滤技术处理生活污水的工艺研究

为优化水解酸化-地下渗滤系统(Hydrolytic Acidifi-cation-Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System,HA-SWIS)工艺参数,提高分散式污水处理效果,通过控制HA水力停留时间(Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)、搅拌速度、SWIS水力负荷(Hydraulic Load Rate,HLR)及干湿比,考察系统COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效果。由于温度控制在18～22℃,忽略温度对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP去除效果的影响。结果表明,随优化参数改变,HA-SWIS联合工艺去除污染物效果存在显著性差异(p <0. 05)。当HA搅拌速度为15 r/min、HRT为2 h时,SWIS的HLR为0. 08～0. 12 m3/(m2·d),干湿比为1∶1～2∶1时,联合工艺对COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的去除效率最高,分别为92. 0%、78. 6%、65%和92. 7%。该装置占地小,基建费用低,无需药剂投入,每吨水处理费用0. 46元/t,处理水质可回用,满足景观水要求(GB/T 18921—2002),适用于管网不完善地区。     

Temperature effect on photolysis decomposing of perfluorooctanoic acid

Perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)is recalcitrant to degrade and mineralize.Here,the effect of temperature on the photolytic decomposition of PFOA was investigated.The decomposition of PFOA was enhanced from 34% to 99% in 60 min of exposure when the temperature was increased from 25 to 85°C under UV light(201–600 nm).The limited degree of decomposition at 25°C was due to low quantum yield,which was increased by a factor of 12 at 85°C.Under the imposed conditions,the defluorination ratio increased from 8% at 25°C to 50% at85°C in 60 min.Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids(PFCAs,C7–C5),PFCAs(C4–C3)and TFA(trifluoroacetic acid,C2)accelerated and attained a maximum within 30 to 90 min at 85°C.However,these reactions did not occur at 25°C despite extended irradiation to180 min.PFOA was decomposed in a step-wise process by surrendering one CF2unit.In each cyclical process,increased temperature enhanced the quantum yields of irradiation and reactions between water molecules and intermediates radicals.The energy consumption for removing eachμmol of PFOA was reduced from 82.5 k J at 25°C to 10.9 k J at 85°C using photolysis.Photolysis coupled with heat achieved high rates of PFOA degradation and defluorination.