Air Quality Standards National And International

The advantages and disadvantages of establishingworldwide air quality standards are reviewed. Inter-national standards would represent the best and mostadvanced procedures and might lead to improvementin standards in some countries where air quality isfar from adequate. International standards alsowould permit accurate comparisons of air pollutionamong countries and would provide a sound basis forcombatting pollution.     

Global Warming: Risk Perception and Risk-Mitigating Behavior in Japan

Global warming is a major concern for the Japanese public. However, because the influence of global environmental risks, particularly global warming, is long-term and widespread, it seems difficult for the public to recognize it as a familiar and important problem that necessitates firm action. This study attempts to determine the causal structure promoting risk-mitigating behavior with regard to global warming, using Covariance Structure Analysis (CSA) with data from a survey of a subset of the Japanese population. We model the causal structure promoting risk-mitigating behavior population. There are four main stages in the process of decision-making for and values, risk perception, mitigating behavior intention, and personal environmental policies has three stages: concerns and values, risk perceptions, ectively accelerate the public’s participation in policy decisions, by translating their risk-mitigating into practical actions. Increased knowledge through improved access should improve the interaction between the public and environmental policy-makers with regard to global warming, using CSA with data from a survey of a subset of the Japanese personal actions: concerns actions. Support for andmitigating behavior intentions. Our results suggest that improved access to information concerning the risks associated with global warming in particular, and environmental issues in general, will be sufficient to effintentions for to information in Japan.     

MODELING FLOOD DAMAGE: CASE OF TOKAI FLOOD 20001

ABSTRACT: In conventional flood damage reduction studies, flood damage is usually estimated with a damage function according to the depth of inundation. However, this method may not reflect the conditions of each family residing in the floodplain because it ignores not only the distribution of flood damage but also the effect of building characteristics and residents' preparedness. This paper uses data from a questionnaire based survey (N= 3,036) conducted 17 months after the Tokai Flood of 2000 that caused disastrous losses to household properties. It provides a conceptual “doughnut structure” model of flood damage to houses and house contents and a mathematical basis for models to explore the determinants of flood damage. Besides the inundation depth, house type significantly affects both the house structural and content damage probabilities, while house ownership and house structure affect house damage probability but not house content damage probability at a given depth. Inundation depth, residing period, and household income significantly affect both house and content damage values. In addition, house ownership has a significant impact on the house damage value, while house structure has an impact on content damage value.     

WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR FLOOD RISK REDUCTION AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN JAPAN1

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to clarify public preferences for flood control measures in Japan, willingness to pay (WTP), and the main factors involved in WTP by applying the contingent valuation method. Findings showed that most residents surveyed expected some flood control measures, and revealed a diversity of interest in river management. WTP levels for different measures ranged from a mean of ¥2,887 to ¥4,861 and from a median of ¥1,000 to ¥2,000. However, WTP for additional flood risk reduction beyond initial levels was found to be zero. This was considered to be because WTP for flood risk reduction must be determined within a multi‐risk context. WTP for flood control measures may increase with per capita income, individual preparedness, and/or experience with flooding, but may decrease with distance from a river, acceptability of flood risk, and provision of environmental information. Furthermore, perception of flood risk may increase WTP, while perception of other risks may decrease it. Methods of dealing with environmental risk that were proposed in the survey may have affected WTP levels.     

Formation of cyanide ion or cyanogen chloride through the cleavage of aromatic rings by nitrous acid or chlorine. IX. On the reactions of chlorinated, nitrated, carboxylated or methylated benzene derivatives with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion

Chlorinated, nitrated, carboxylated or methylated benzenes, phenols and anilines reacted with chloramine to give cyanogen chloride, independently of the positions and the numbers of the substituents. Among these compounds, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol afforded cyanogen chloride in a relatively high yield of 13.3%, and the intermediates in the reaction were 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone-4-(N-chloro)imine and 4,6-dichloro-1,2-benzoquinone-2-(N-chloro)-imine, of which the latter was the main intermediate.     

新型城市环卫和用水基础设施

"生态环卫"技术提供了共同解决两个关键水难题的办法:如何使世界缺乏用水和卫生设备的人数比例下降一半;如何解决湖泊、水库和内海的富营养化.氮和磷超标,主要来源于城市污水和农业肥料的流失.尿液和粪便(特别是尿液)含有氮和磷.一个新的人类废物管理办法,有可能使这些物质在农业领域循环.     

Formation of cyanide ion or cyanogen chloride through the cleavage of aromatic rings by nitrous acid or chlorine. VIII. On the reaction of humic acid with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion

Cyanogen chloride was formed by the reaction of humic acid with hypochlorous acid in the presence of ammonium ion. Furthermore, cyanogen chloride was also formed when ammonium ion and hypochlorous acid were added to raw water sampled at water treatment plants.