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211.
212.
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the Acknowledgement section. 相似文献
213.
Sebastian U. Senger 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(3):152-156
Zusammenfassung Im G?teborger Protokoll der UN ECE zur Bek?mpfung von Versauerung, Eutrophierung und bodennahem Ozon vom 1. Dezember 1999
werden Vorgaben zur Reduktion von Luftschadstoffkomponenten von 1990 bis 2010 festgelegt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden
Absch?tzungen, ob diese Werte für die Bundesl?nder NRW und Hessen erreichbar sind, gemacht. Um absch?tzen zu k?nnen, wie die
Konzentrationen einzelner Luftschadstoffe im Jahre 2010 sein werden, wurden aus den Daten der Jahre 1990-1999 die best-angepassten
Funktionen graphisch dargestellt und bis zum Jahr 2010 extrapoliert. Unter der Absch?tzung, dass die Luftschadstoffemission
sich weiterhin wie in den letzten 10 Jahren reduziert oder noch darüber hinaus verringert, wurden die bis zum Jahre 2010 zu
erwartenden prozentualen Reduktionen berechnet. Die im G?teborger Protokoll festgelegten Prozents?tze zur Reduzierung von
NOx, SO2 und NM-VOC sind nach den hier vorgelegten Absch?tzungen im Zeitraum von 1990-2010 erreichbar. Für CO, O3 und CO2 werden nur deutliche Abnahmen verlangt. Nach den vorliegenden Absch?tzungen werden CO um ca. 70% und O3 nur über verkehrsarmen, waldreichen Gebieten abnehmen. Für das globale Gas CO2 kann nur eine konstante Zunahme abgesch?tzt werden.
Online-First: 19. May 2000 相似文献
214.
In the last few years there has been a growing interest in transport policy concerning behaviour oriented ‘soft’ measures to reduce private car use. Besides an assessment of the methodological quality of available evaluation results, the present paper focuses on a quantitative, meta-analytical synthesis of this empirical evidence. For these purposes a data set of 141 studies evaluating three types of soft transport policy measures was compiled mainly from already published narrative research reviews. The ability to draw strong causal inferences from the available research evidence is limited by the fact that all the retrieved evaluation studies use weak quasi-experimental designs. At least for one policy measure type our analyses also indicate the presence of a reporting bias. Across all three soft policy measures we found a statistically significant random-effects pooled effect size of 0.15. Translated into the original metric such an effect size indicates an increase in the no-car use proportion from 39% to 46%. 相似文献
215.
Marvin Brinke Walter Traunspurger Sebastian Höss Peter Heininger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2009,21(3):248-251
The aim of this short article is to deliver insight into the prospects and constraints of model ecosystems in the assessment of effects of contaminants on benthic communities, especially the meiofauna. Numerous substances accumulate in sediments and thus a complex contamination exists which is able to impair benthic organisms. Besides direct effects, indirect effects are of importance and should be considered. Changes in competition and predator-prey-relationships lead to a variety of effects in the benthic food web that cannot be explained by direct toxicity of contaminants. In this article two microcosm studies, one with the heavy metal cadmium and one with the veterinary pharmaceutical Ivermectin, are presented which both showed direct as well as indirect effects. A significant change in abundance and composition of the meiofauna community has been observed. The prediction of field-effects of a certain substance as well as the interpretation of field data are the aims of model ecosystems. Both studies proofed that the investigation of meiofauna in microcosms is a promising tool to achieve these aims. Furthermore, microcosms with meiofauna might be able to assist the effect-directed analysis (EDA) in a risk assessment by identifying the effect-causing contaminants of complex environmental samples. 相似文献
216.
Jessica Haapkylä Adrian S. Seymour Orit Barneah Itzchak Brickner Sebastian Hennige David Suggett David Smith 《Marine Biology》2009,156(5):1021-1027
This is the first quantitative study on the prevalence of epizoic Waminoa sp. acoel worms and their association with corals in the Wakatobi Marine National Park (WMNP), South-East Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Three replicate transects were laid on the reef crest, flat and slope at six sites in 2006 and eight sites in 2007. Four of
the sites were common in both years. In total 69 transects were surveyed in 2006, and 87 transects in 2007. A total of 4.8%
of all observed hard corals were associated with acoel worms in 2006 and 2.6% of hard and soft corals in 2007. Acoels were
present on 16 and 21 of the coral taxa studied in 2006 and 2007 respectively. The worms were strongly associated with the
azooxanthellate coral Tubastrea spp. and were rare or absent on the most abundant coral genera Montipora and Porites. The mean number of corals having acoels was highest on reef slopes, whereas acoels were virtually absent on reef flats. Corals
that had a high and a medium cover of worms were more common in 2007 than in 2006. No significant trend in the adaptation
of the zooxanthellae of Waminoa sp. to different depths at different sites was revealed. The impact of the worm on the coral is unknown, but high numbers
may have a shading effect and a negative impact on the coral’s photophysiology. This acoel merits more study of its life cycle,
its photophysiology, and its impact on its host corals.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
217.
Werle S 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(4):753-758
Gasification of sewage sludge can provide clean and effective reburning fuel for combustion applications. The motivation of this work was to define the reburning potential of the sewage sludge gasification gas (syngas). A numerical simulation of the co-combustion process of syngas in a hard coal-fired boiler was done. All calculations were performed using the Chemkin programme and a plug-flow reactor model was used. The calculations were modelled using the GRI-Mech 2.11 mechanism. The highest conversions for nitric oxide (NO) were obtained at temperatures of approximately 1000-1200 K. The combustion of hard coal with sewage sludge-derived syngas reduces NO emissions. The highest reduction efficiency (>90%) was achieved when the molar flow ratio of the syngas was 15%. Calculations show that the analysed syngas can provide better results than advanced reburning (connected with ammonia injection), which is more complicated process. 相似文献
218.
219.
Selecting food items and attaining a nutritionally balanced diet is an important challenge for all animals including humans. We aimed to establish fruit fly larvae (Drosophila melanogaster) as a simple yet powerful model system for examining the mechanisms of specific hunger and diet selection. In two lab experiments with artificial diets, we found that larvae deprived of either sucrose or protein later selectively fed on a diet providing the missing nutrient. When allowed to freely move between two adjacent food patches, larvae surprisingly preferred to settle on one patch containing yeast and ignored the patch providing sucrose. Moreover, when allowed to move freely between three patches, which provided either yeast only, sucrose only or a balanced mixture of yeast and sucrose, the majority of larvae settled on the yeast-plus-sucrose patch and about one third chose to feed on the yeast only food. While protein (yeast) is essential for development, we also quantified larval success on diets with or without sucrose and show that larvae develop faster on diets containing sucrose. Our data suggest that fruit fly larvae can quickly assess major nutrients in food and seek a diet providing a missing nutrient. The larvae, however, probably prefer to quickly dig into a single food substrate for enhanced protection over achieving an optimal diet. 相似文献
220.
Fabian H. Härtl Sebastian Höllerl Thomas Knoke 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(8):1163-1192
The roles of forest management and the use of timber for energy in the global carbon cycle are discussed. Recent studies assert that past forest management has been accelerating climate change, for example in Europe. In addition, the increasing tendency to burn timber is an international concern. Here, we show a new way of carbon accounting considering the use of timber as a carbon neutral transfer into a pool of products. This approach underlines the robust, positive carbon mitigation effects of sustainable timber harvesting. Applying this new perspective, sustainable timber use can be interpreted not as a removal but a prevention of carbon being converted within the cycle of growth and respiration. Identifying timber use as a prevention rather than a removal leads to the understanding of timber use as being no source of carbon emissions of forests but as a carbon neutral transfer to the product pool. Subsequently, used timber will then contribute to carbon emissions from the pool of forest products in the future. Therefore, timber use contributes to carbon mitigation by providing a substantial delay of emissions. In a second step, the carbon model is applied to results of a previous study in which different timber price scenarios were used to predict timber harvests in Bavarian forests (Germany). Thus, the influence of the economic dimension “timber price” on the ecological dimension carbon sequestration was derived. It also shows that these effects are stable, even if an increasing tendency of burning timber products for producing energy is simulated. Linking an economic optimization to a biophysical model for carbon mitigation shows how the impact of management decisions on the environment can be derived. Overall, a sustainably managed system of forests and forest products contributes to carbon mitigation in a positive, stable way, even if the prices for (energy) wood rise substantially. 相似文献