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41.
Sebastian U. Senger 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2000,12(4):221-223
Zusammenfassung Die durch die Fernstra?en versiegelte Fl?che in Deutschland betr?gt 0,47% der Oberfl?che, ohne die Seitenstreifen und Gemeindestra?en.
Z?hlt man diese hinzu, so erh?ht sich der Wert auf 1,3%. In den dicht besiedelten Bundesl?ndern Hessen und Nordrhein-Westfalen
erh?hen sich die Werte in Hessen auf 0,59 bzw. 1,59% und in NRW auf 0,68 bzw. 1,82%. In anderen OECD-L?ndern betragen die
Prozents?tze des durch Fernstra?en versiegelten Bodens zwischen 0,2 und 3,0%. Bei diesem Vergleich liegt Deutschland an 5.
Stelle hinter den Benelux-L?ndern und Japan. In der Verkehrsdichte (zugelassene Kraftfahrzeuge pro Stra?enkilometer) liegt
Deutschland an 3. Stelle hinter Italien und Gro?britannien. Die Bodenversiegelung durch Stra?endecken sch?digt die Umwelt
durch die Einbringung verkehrsbedingter Schadstoffe und St?rung des Grundwasserspiegels, aber noch mehr durch die Zerteilung
und Zerst?rung von Biotopen.
Online-First: 19. Mai 2000 相似文献
42.
Sebastian Schimmelpfennig Georgiy Kirillin Christof Engelhardt Gunnar Nützmann 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2012,12(4):321-339
Prediction of mixing intensity of water masses in riverine Lake Tegel (Berlin, Germany) can be used to trace the fate of pollutants that enter the lake through several inflows. Because the contributions of each inflow have not yet been quantified and because the lake features complex bathymetry and numerous islands, a hydrodynamic circulation model with high spatial resolution and dynamic wind forcing is useful. We applied the two-dimensional version of the Princeton Ocean Model to separate the influences of wind and river discharge on the currents and mass transport in Lake Tegel. For model validation, we compared the simulation results with 1?year of electrical conductivity data, which was used as a conservative tracer to distinguish between water from the River Havel and water supplied by a smaller second inflow. Calculation of currents alone is insufficient to investigate water exchanges between rivers and lakes, especially when several islands create multiple pathways for river intrusion. Therefore, mass transport simulations are applied. Our calculations based on archetypical scenarios indicate that the proportion of (polluted) water from the River Havel in the main basin of Lake Tegel fluctuates with river discharge and wind, which either amplify or neutralize each other. 相似文献
43.
Ulrich Liebenthal Sebastian Linnenberg Jochen Oexmann Alfons Kather 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2011,5(5):1232-1239
When integrating a post-combustion CO2 capture process and CO2 compression into a steam power plant, the three interface quantities heat, electricity and cooling duty must be satisfied by the power plant, leading to a loss in net efficiency. The heat duty shows to be the largest contributor to the overall net efficiency penalty of the power plant. Additional energy penalty results from the cooling and electric power duty of the capture and compression units.In this work, the dependency of the energy penalty on the quantity and quality of the heat duty is analyzed and quantified for a state-of-the-art hard coal fired power plant. Furthermore, the energy penalty attributed to the additional cooling and power duty is quantified. As a result correlations are provided which enable to predict the impact of the heat, cooling and electricity duty of post-combustion CO2 capture processes on the net output of a steam power plant in a holistic approach. 相似文献
44.
Plant chemistry and insect sequestration 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Most plant families are distinguished by characteristic secondary metabolites, which can function as putative defence against
herbivores. However, many herbivorous insects of different orders can make use of these plant-synthesised compounds by ingesting
and storing them in their body tissue or integument. Such sequestration of putatively unpalatable or toxic metabolites can
enhance the insects’ own defence against enemies and may also be involved in reproductive behaviour. This review gives a comprehensive
overview of all groups of secondary plant metabolites for which sequestration by insect herbivores belonging to different
orders has been demonstrated. Sequestered compounds include various aromatic compounds, nitrogen-containing metabolites such
as alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates and other sulphur-containing metabolites, and isoprenoids such as cardiac
glycosides, cucurbitacins, iridoid glycosides and others. Sequestration of plant compounds has been investigated most in insects
feeding or gathering on Apocynaceae s.l. (Apocynoideae, Asclepiaoideae), Aristolochiaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae, but it also occurs
for some gymnosperms and even lichens. In total, more than 250 insect species have been shown to sequester plant metabolites
from at least 40 plant families. Sequestration predominates in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but also occurs frequently
in the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera and Sternorrhyncha. Patterns of sequestration mechanisms for various compound
classes and common or individual features occurring in different insect orders are highlighted. More research is needed to
elucidate the specific transport mechanisms and the physiological processes of sequestration in various insect species. 相似文献
45.
Isabel Mück Sebastian Wacker Lise Cats Myhre Trond Amundsen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(4):609-619
The distribution of breeding resources, such as nest sites, can have a pronounced impact on a population by affecting the proportion of individuals that succeed to breed and hence, the variation in reproductive success. Aggregation of important resources can lead to resource monopolisation by a limited number of individuals and thus affect the intensity of sexual selection. In this study, we tested, by contrasting two experimental treatments (dispersed vs. aggregated), how nest distribution affects: (1) mating behaviour, (2) male nest occupation and mating success, and (3) reproductive success and the opportunity for selection. We used the two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens), a small marine fish with a resource-based mating system, as our model species. When nests were aggregated, a larger proportion of the males behaved aggressively, fewer males succeeded in occupying a nest, fewer males became mated, and those males that mated received fewer eggs from spawning females. These effects resulted in a higher variance in reproductive success and hence, a higher opportunity for selection (I rs ), in the aggregated treatment. We suggest that the results are a direct consequence of males defending a territory around their nest, preventing competitively inferior males from breeding. However, we found no significant selection differentials for body length or condition of males in either treatment. Our results support the hypothesis that aggregation of essential resources like nests promotes resource monopolisation. In species facing highly clumped nesting resources in the wild, monopolisation may negatively impact population productivity but could lead to strong selection on traits that promote male competitive ability. 相似文献
46.
Sebastian Weissenberger Marc Lucotte Stéphane Houel Nicolas Soumis Éric Duchemin René Canuel 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(4):610-620
A mechanistic semi-empirical carbon cycle model of the La Grande reservoir complex in northern Quebec, Canada was conceived in order to investigate the climate impact of such a large alteration of the continental water cycle. The model includes inputs from the drainage basin, organic matter release from flooded soils, CO2 emissions across the water-atmosphere interface and sedimentation. Most input data stems from previous research by our group on those ecosystems. The model includes the seven reservoirs of the La Grande complex and was run for periods of 50 and 100 years. Terrigeneous dissolved, particulate and suspended soil carbon fluxes and concentrations were computed. Over 100 years, 31.3 × 1012 g C are released from flooded soils, equivalent to 28-29% of inputs from the drainage basin. 40-74% of dissolved organic carbon is mineralized. CO2 fluxes over 100 years are 50.5-79.8 × 1012 g C, 46.4-67.9 × 1012 g C more than in the absence of reservoirs. The increase in mineralization of organic matter and in CO2 emissions is a result of the increase in cumulated water residence time due to the creation of the reservoirs. Changes in other carbon sinks and sources likely offset a part of this additional carbon flux to the atmosphere. In the first years following flooding of the reservoir, organic carbon release from flooded soils exceeds CO2 emissions, implying the downstream export of large quantities of eroded soil organic carbon. After this initial period, CO2 emissions are fuelled by organic carbon originating from the drainage basin. 相似文献
47.
John Boland Olena Kravchuk Wasim Saman Rowan Kilsby 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2003,8(2):101-113
The provision of energy for households is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the domestic sector. There is significant scope for energy savings and thus emission reduction in this sector. This paper constructs a bridge between thermal analysis and environmental assessment in the occupancy stage of the dwelling life cycle, approaching both methods as being on a common system Environment–Dwelling–Inhabitant. The importance of the local level in the thermal analysis and assessment of either a dwelling or an inhabitant's behaviour is demonstrated. It is shown that the researcher can choose between natural experiment, computer experiment and mathematical modelling to analyze the system. Such a choice is discussed for two particular methods of thermal analysis. Thermal Nomograms are the result of mathematical modelling, and the Energy Score Sheet is the result of a computer experiment in energy rating. Despite being developed for the purpose of thermal analysis, these methods can also be utilized for environmental assessment at the local level. The discussion centres on Australian conditions where the majority of the population resides in a relatively benign climate wherein behavioural alterations have significant potential for energy savings and environmental impact. The purpose of the paper is to emphasise benefits apart from energy minimisation to promote the use of energy efficient housing strategies. 相似文献
48.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is an important worldwide public health issue. The present study demonstrates that cigarette smoke can be a major source of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) in indoor environments. Gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry was used to determine 3-hydroxy fatty acids as markers of endotoxin in air-borne house dust in homes of smokers and non-smokers. Air concentrations of endotoxin were 4-63 times higher in rooms of smoking students than in identical rooms of non-smoking students. The fact that cigarette smoke contains large amounts of endotoxin may partly explain the high prevalence of respiratory disorders among smokers and may also draw attention to a hitherto neglected risk factor of ETS. 相似文献
49.
50.
Amar-Gil Sebastian Ardila-Arias Alba N. Barrera-Zapata Rolando 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(3):1325-1332
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In this contribution, the preparation of iron-based catalysts from waste tires is reported. Waste steel from disused tires was used as feedstock to... 相似文献