山林地表慢渗系统处理农村生活污水厂尾水研究

利用山区污水处理厂周边森林植被构建慢速渗滤污水处理系统,用来处理山区农村生活污水厂尾水。结果表明,慢渗系统能够深度净化污水尾水,对COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为23.8%、40.2%、14.3%、11.3%和23.6%。并且土层越深,COD_(Cr)、TN、TP浓度越低,相应的去除率越高,而NO_3-N、TN去除率则呈降低趋势;山体坡度越大,COD_(Cr)、氨氮浓度有升高趋势,硝态氮、TN、TP有降低趋势;而坡长越大,COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_3-N、TN浓度有降低趋势,TP有升高趋势。此外,植被类型对水样化学性质有一定影响,竹林更利于COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、TP浓度的降低,针阔混交林更利于NO_3-N、TN浓度的降低。     

流域景观格局对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响研究——以太子河山区段为例

为研究太子河山区段大型底栖动物群落结构与陆地景观因子之间的相互关系,以水生态调查和遥感解译数据为基础,采用主成分分析和回归分析的方法分析了景观格局指数与大型底栖动物群落结构指数的关系,结果表明:大型底栖动物的物种数、EPT科级分类单元数(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)和ASPT指数与景观聚集度指数、最大斑块指数、连通度指数呈显著正相关,与景观香农多样性指数、分离度指数、景观形状指数呈显著负相关。研究结果反映了流域景观斑块的破碎化和人为干扰会对底栖动物群落结构产生负面影响,可以指导以保护河流大型底栖动物群落为目标的流域景观格局优化。     

"十二五"期间辽河流域的典型流域土地利用组成和变化分析研究

在遥感影像数据基础上,采用ERDAS和ArcGIS分析得出"十二五"期间清河、凡河和蒲河3个流域的土地利用组成及变化.结果表明:清河流域和凡河流域土地利用以林地为主,自然类型面积之和占流域总面积比例超过50%,蒲河流域则以耕地和建设用地等人工类型为主,面积之和占比超过80%;"十二五"期间各流域的土地利用类型均存在不同程度自然类型向人工类型转化的现象,清河流域变化最大,蒲河最小.     

水上LNG加注站外部安全距离确定方法研究

为了确定水上LNG加注站与周边建(构)筑物的外部安全距离,对LNG储罐泄漏后果进行数值模拟计算。利用FLACS软件,计算不同泄漏场景LNG气云扩散影响范围,采用自主研发的LNG火灾计算工具LNGFHR计算LNG储罐池火热辐射强度的影响范围。结果表明:LNG泄漏时间、泄漏量、风速、风向和大气稳定度等均会对LNG气云的扩散距离和LNG池火热辐射范围产生影响;根据计算结果,确定水上LNG加注站与重要公共建筑物、铁路、大桥、码头等的外部安全距离为150 m,与民用建筑物的外部安全距离为100~108 m,与生产厂房、库房和甲、乙、丙类液体储罐的外部安全距离为105~110 m。     

厦门市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

用ICP-MS对厦门市夏冬两季城区和郊区PM_(2.5)(当量直径≤2.5 μm的颗粒物)及其中10种重金属(V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Cu)含量进行测定,分析其污染特征,并对重金属的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,采样期间厦门市PM_(2.5)中重金属含量水平表现为ZnPbCuMnVAsNiCrCdCo,其中Zn、Pb、As、Cd和Cu富集因子远远大于10,受人为影响较严重。健康风险评价结果表明,PM_(2.5)中重金属的非致癌健康风险可以忽略;几乎所有重金属的致癌健康风险都高于最大可接受风险值10~(-6)。     

基于AHP-模糊综合评价法的规划环境影响评价有效性研究

文章从评价主体、评价对象、介入时间、评价内容、公众参与、技术方法、政策制度等方面构建了包括"评价人员素质、早期介入、指标体系、评价标准、公众参与方式、工作程序完整性、法律法规、替代方案"等19项评价指标,提出了AHP-模糊综合评价法对规划环境影响评价有效性进行综合评价的方法,并以南阳石化专业园区规划环境影响评价为实证案例进行了定量分析.     

水专项"十三五"时期辽河流域水环境管理研究思路初探

以水专项在辽河流域实施的阶段性成果及辽河流域水环境管理现状为基础,分析"十三五"时期辽河流域水环境管理的需求,提出构建成套流域水环境管理技术体系和管理大平台、全面建设并优化水生态环境监测网络、实行水环境管理的动态调节机制和建立健全流域水环境管理长效机制的水环境管理研究思路,并指出研究应密切结合地方管理,充分发挥地方环境管理的责任主体地位,为水专项第三阶段"综合调控"战略目标的实现提供有力支撑.     

郑州市城市生态环境变化研究

随着城市化的发展,城市生态环境变化较大.基于遥感技术,利用遥感生态指数对郑州市城市生态环境变化进行评价与检测,以对城市规划建设提供科学依据,从而促进城市健康可持续发展.结果表明:2006年-2017年,郑州市生态环境质量呈下降趋势,其中绿度指标与干度指标对城市生态环境的影响最大;郑州市生态环境变好的区域占18.43%,生态环境变差的区域占42.54%,变差的区域主要为新建成区,这些区域应是今后生态环境改善的重点区域.     

Investigation of low-molecular weight organic acids and their spatiotemporal variation characteristics in Hongfeng Lake, China

The identities and concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) were determined by ion chromatography throughout a 20-m water column in Hongfeng Lake, China. The spatiotemporal variations of LMWOAs and their contributions to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a research period of 24 hr were also investigated. The results demonstrated that five LMWOAs (lactic, acetic, pyruvic, sorbic, oxalic acid) were detected, and their total concentration and proportion in DOC were 6.55 μmol/L and 7.47%. Their average levels were 2.50, 0.65, 2.35, 0.96 and 0.09 μmol/L, respectively. LMWOAs were higher during daytime (10:00-18:00 on Jun 13, 2008) than nighttime (21:00-6:00 the next morning), in particular 4.99 μmol/L high in the epilimnion ( 1 m water depth), reflecting the fact that direct import from terrigenous sources and photochemical production from humic materials were dominant during LMWOAs’ origin and accumulation. The same factors caused LMWOAs to be 0.63 μmol/L in the epilimnion higher than in the hypolimnion. The rapid decrease of total organic acid (TOA) up until 18:00 mainly resulted from bio-uptake and mineralization in the hypolimnion (>1 m water depth). Pyruvic acid increased with time in the epilimnion and decreased in the hypolimnion, largely related to the two contrary processes of continuous degradation and synthesis of macromolecular organic matter during life materials’ cycle mediated by organisms. Simultaneously, plankton behavior and thermal stratification played a pivotal role in LMWOAs’ behavior in the water column, causing decreasing and increasing profiles. The distribution of LMWOAs represents an interesting resource for biogeochemical research of DOM in aquatic ecosystems.     

Adsorption of lead on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different outer diameters and oxygen contents: Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics

The effects of different outer diameters and surface oxygen contents on the adsorption of heavy metals onto six types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated in an aqueous solution and lead was chosen as a model metal ion. The results indicated that the percentage removal and adsorption capacity of lead remarkably increased with decreasing outer diameter due to larger specific surface area (SSA). The SSA-normalized maximum adsorption capacity (qm /SSA) and SSA-normalized adsorption coefficient (Kd /SSA) were strongly positively correlated with surface oxygen content, implying that lead adsorption onto MWCNTs significantly increases with the rise of oxygen content and decreases with decreasing SSA. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that adsorption of lead on MWCNTs was endothermic and spontaneous. When the oxygen content of MWCNTs increased from 2.0% to 5.9%, the standard free energy (△ G0 ) became more negative, which implied that the oxygenated functional groups increased the adsorption affinity of MWCNTs for lead. Through calculation of enthalpy (△ H0 ), G0 and free energy of adsorption (Ea ), lead adsorption onto MWCNTs was recognized as a chemisorption process. The chemical interaction between lead and the phenolic groups of MWCNTs could be one of the main adsorption mechanisms due to highly positive correlations between the phenolic groups and K d /SSA or q m /SSA.