Phytotoxicity and groundwater impacts of leaching from thermal treatment residues in roadways

The use of coal fly ash (CFA), municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash (MSWIBA) and flue gas desulfurization residue (FGDR) in road construction has become very common owing to its economical advantages. However, these residues may contain toxic constituents that pose an environmental risk if they leach out and flow through the soil, surface water and groundwater. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the ecotoxicity and groundwater impact of these residues before decisions can be made regarding their utilization for road construction. In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, leaching and phytotoxicity of these residues were investigated. Specifically, multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the contributions of the leaching constituents of the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR leachates to the germination index of wheat seeds. B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Pb were found to be more toxic to the wheat seeds than the other heavy metals. Furthermore, the leached concentrations of the constituents from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR were below the regulatory threshold limits of the Chinese identification standard for hazardous wastes. Analyses conducted using a numerical groundwater model (WiscLEACH) indicated that the predicted field concentrations of metals from the CFA, MSWIBA and FGDR increased with time up to about 30 years at the point of compliance, then decreased with time and distance. Overall, this study demonstrated that the risks resulting from MSWIBA, CFA and FGDR leaching could be assessed before its utilization for road construction, providing crucial information for the adoption of these alternative materials.     

Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system

In this study, a full-scale internal circulation(IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates(OLR) of 21.06–25.16 kg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/(m3? day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%–93.4% and 0.42–0.50 m3/kg COD.The formation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7 mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid(VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from-26.2 m V and 30.35% to-10.6 m V and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3 D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.     

紫外诱变选育高原环境絮凝菌及其絮凝条件优化

为获得耐低温且絮凝优异的絮凝菌,对一株分离得到的絮凝菌进行紫外诱变和5℃低温胁迫培养,并对诱变优势菌进行应用条件优化.结果表明:①原始菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）.②紫外诱变和低温胁迫培养得到的目标诱变菌FB-5对生活污水絮凝率达75.35%,具有良好的遗传稳定性.③单因素试验确定最佳絮凝条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.4、助凝剂加量为1.0 mL/（50 mL）、处理时间为15 min;筛选出影响诱变菌絮凝能力最显著的3个因素为絮凝菌投加量、pH和助凝剂加量;通过Box-Behnken响应面试验得到最佳净化的应用条件,即絮凝菌投加量为0.90 mL/（50 mL）、pH为7.38、助凝剂加量为1.04 mL/（50 mL）.④验证试验确定絮凝率达97.01%,BOD₅、COD_Cr、浊度和色度去除率均达到97%以上,出水水质满足GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准.研究显示,紫外诱变联合低温胁迫技术以及单因素与响应面结合优化絮凝条件可以大幅度提高原始菌株的絮凝能力,低温诱变菌FM-5能使高寒地区城市生活污水中悬浮固体大幅降低,同时去除水体中多种污染物.      

自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅱ：应用

根据作者在《自然资源资产负债表编制设计及应用Ⅰ：设计》中提出的自然资源资产负债表设计方案,论文以湖北省十堰市竹溪县为例,采用统计、市场价格法、替代市场法、意愿评估法等分别编制实物量表和价值量表,在此基础上分析自然资源变化与区域经济发展之间的关系。主要结论如下：1）竹溪县林木和特色资源总量呈逐年上升趋势;水资源中工业用水量逐年减少,工业用水效率不断提高,居民生活用水基本保持不变,城镇公共环境和生态环境用水逐年增加,农业发展受降水等自然条件影响较大,今后应进一步发展现代农业,提高农业用水效率。另外,土地资源有不断向建筑用地转变的趋势,未来竹溪县政府应控制建筑用地面积在合理范围内。2）竹溪县自然资源价值处于一个相对稳定的状态。4种资源中,土地资源价值量最高。人为因素对林木资源价值的影响值均为正值,且绝对值不断增加,人为因素对水资源价值的影响值为负值。3）随着竹溪县GDP增加,自然资源总量保持相对稳定,且每年人为原因对自然资源总价值的影响都是正效应。     

A comparison of chemical MSW compositional data between China and Denmark

Chemical waste compositions are important for municipal solid waste management, as they determine the pollution potentials from different waste strategies. A representative dataset for chemical characteristics of individual waste fractions is frequently required to assess chemical waste composition, but it is usually reported in developed countries and not in developing countries. In this study, a dataset for Chinese waste was established through careful data screening and assessment, named as CN dataset. Meanwhile, a dataset for Danish waste (DK dataset) was also summarized based on previous studies. In order to quantitatively evaluate the reliabilities of CN and DK datasets, the chemical waste compositions in four Chinese cities were estimated by utilizing both of them, respectively. It is indicated that the usage of CN datasets led to significantly lower discrepancies from the actual values based on laboratory analysis in most cases. Within the datasets, the moisture contents of food waste, paper, textiles, and plastics, the carbon content of food waste, as well as the oxygen content of plastics would induce significant divergences, which should be paid special attention when gathering the information. In addition, the fractional waste compositions in China showed similar features with other developing countries but differ significantly with developed countries. Thus the above-mentioned conclusions could also be true in other developing countries.     

A comprehensive classification method for VOC emission sources to tackle air pollution based on VOC species reactivity and emission amounts

In China, volatile organic compound(VOC) control directives have been continuously released and implemented for important sources and regions to tackle air pollution. The corresponding control requirements were based on VOC emission amounts(EA), but never considered the significant differentiation of VOC species in terms of atmospheric chemical reactivity. This will adversely influence the effect of VOC reduction on air quality improvement. Therefore,this study attempted to develop a comprehensive classification method for typical VOC sources in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region(BTH), by combining the VOC emission amounts with the chemical reactivities of VOC species. Firstly, we obtained the VOC chemical profiles by measuring 5 key sources in the BTH region and referencing another 10 key sources, and estimated the ozone formation potential(OFP) per ton VOC emission for these sources by using the maximum incremental reactivity(MIR) index as the characteristic of source reactivity(SR). Then, we applied the data normalization method to respectively convert EA and SR to normalized EA(NEA) and normalized SR(NSR) for various sources in the BTH region.Finally, the control index(CI) was calculated, and these sources were further classified into four grades based on the normalized CI(NCI). The study results showed that in the BTH region,furniture coating, automobile coating, and road vehicles are characterized by high NCI and need to be given more attention; however, the petro-chemical industry, which was designated as an important control source by air quality managers, has a lower NCI.     

河谷型城市风场及污染物扩散的CFD数值仿真

为研究河谷型城市地形及其引起的风场和污染物扩散的复杂问题,利用CFD（计算流体力学）方法和复杂地形网格生成技术,建立河谷型城市风场及大气污染分布的数值仿真模型,实现CFD方法在复杂地形空气运动和污染物扩散方面的应用.分别使用LES（large eddy simulation）模型和mixture模型研究兰州市地面风场特征和污染物扩散形态,计算得到的污染物分布结果与实测结果分布一致.结果表明:复杂地形对空气运动的影响很大,如风速因山体屏障作用会呈现带状分布特征,山体后侧易出现弱风区域;同时,风场会密切影响污染物扩散,决定了污染物扩散形态,如幅散能够影响污染物扩散范围及污染水平.而给定西北风条件下,如地面以上10 m、风速为5 m/s、不受地形阻挡情况下,工业区污染物浓度被稀释10倍,约扩散2.2 km;山体阻挡会抑制污染物纵向扩散,表现在山体阻挡情况下污染物稀释100倍时的扩散长度约为相对平坦区域的1/3.此外,不同的入口风向会引起空气运动与山体相互作用发生变化,进而会使得地面风速、局部风场存在差异,造成污染物扩散及分布形态差异.研究显示,CFD方法可行,模型可靠,可以用来研究地形对风场和污染物扩散的影响.      

昌黎近岸表层沉积物中磷的赋存形态及其分布特征研究

本文以昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区的海域为研究区域,分析讨论了沉积物的中值粒径、有机质总量与磷的各种不同赋存形态之间的相关性。结果表明,保护区海域各采样点沉积物的总磷（TP）含量在257.2×10-6~470.2×10-6之间,平均值为282.4×10-6;其中,有机磷（OP）含量为21.0×10-6~191.4×10-6;无机磷（IP）含量为106.2×10-6~214.6×10-6,是保护区沉积物中磷形态的主要赋存形态;铁/铝结合态磷（Fe/Al-P）的含量为17.2×10-6~55.9×10-6;钙结合态磷（Ca-P）含量为71.4×10-6~168.2×10-6,是组成IP的主要赋存形态,Ca-P含量及其所占比例均较高,磷释放风险较小。各磷形态含量的空间分布大体呈西部>中部>东部的趋势。部分距新开口较近的采样点含磷量偏高。北部区域主要受到陆源输入与水动力条件等因素的影响,含磷量偏低。从统计数据特征来看,该海域的沉积物基本没有构成污染。     

厌氧条件下可溶性有机质对汞的还原与氧化作用

在沉积物、湿地和淹水的水稻土中天然可溶性有机质(DOM),如胡敏酸(HA)和富里酸(FA)处于还原状态,其介导Hg(Ⅱ)的还原,影响汞的转化及地球化学循环.本文通过模拟黑暗厌氧环境,研究还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原.结果表明,还原态HA与FA的还原容量高于对照氧化态HA与FA.还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原最佳浓度分别是0. 2mg·L~(-1)和1. 5 mg·L~(-1).而高于最佳浓度时,由于发生巯基竞争性络合作用,抑制Hg(Ⅱ)的还原;特别是还原态HA大于5mg·L~(-1)时,不能还原Hg(Ⅱ)为Hg(0).还原态HA与FA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应动力学表明:有机碳(DOC)与Hg(Ⅱ)摩尔比DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=400∶1时,还原反应速率IHSS-HA FRC-HA FRC-FA;高摩尔比[DOC∶Hg(Ⅱ)=10 000∶1]时,还原态HA对Hg(Ⅱ)的还原反应停止,甚至向相反方向进行.还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)氧化结果表明,当还原态HA与FA浓度分别增加至5 mg·L~(-1)和10 mg·L~(-1)时,样品中检测不到Hg(0),还原态HA与FA对Hg(0)发生诱导性氧化络合作用.在汞的氧化还原与络合作用中,还原态DOM扮演双重角色,影响活性汞的可利用性,进而影响微生物汞的甲基化.     

深圳城市大气中非甲烷烃季节变化特征

应用GCMS-QP2010对深圳2015~2016年4个季节大气56种非甲烷碳氢化合物（NMHCs）进行在线监测分析.从成分来看,四季总NMHCs平均浓度为23.6×10^-9,呈现出冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季≈春季的变化特征,其中烷烃比例最高（65.4%~74.7%）,其次是芳香烃（13.3%~21.7%）和烯烃（7.1%~11.6%）,丙烷、甲苯、乙烷、正己烷、正丁烷、乙炔、2-甲基戊烷、异丁烷、乙烯和3-甲基戊烷是浓度最高的10个物种.相关性和日变化分析表明,深圳大气中NMHCs受到机动车、溶剂挥发相关工业源以及植物释放等多重来源的共同影响,其中甲苯、2-甲基戊烷、3-甲基戊烷和正己烷受工业源影响最为显著,而异戊二烯主要来自于天然源.