洹河底泥中有机污染物调查与分析

介绍了GC/MS联用仪对河流底泥中微量有机污染物进行定性、定量分析的实验方法,探讨了底泥与地表水中有机物种类和含量间的关系。     

A pyrazine based metal-organic framework for selective removal of copper from strongly acidic solutions

● pz-UiO-66 was synthesized facilely by a solvothermal method. ● Efficient capture of copper from highly acidic solution was achieved by pz-UiO-66. ● pz-UiO-66 exhibited excellent selectivity and capacity for copper capture. ● Pyrazine-N in pz-UiO-66 was shown to be the dominant adsorption site. The selective capture of copper from strongly acidic solutions is of vital importance from the perspective of sustainable development and environmental protection. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted the interest of many scholars for adsorption due to their fascinating physicochemical characteristics, including adjustable structure, strong stability and porosity. Herein, pz-UiO-66 containing a pyrazine structure is successfully synthesized for the efficient separation of copper from strongly acidic conditions. Selective copper removal at low pH values is accomplished by using this material that is not available in previously reported metal–organic frameworks. Furthermore, the material exhibits excellent adsorption capacity, with a theoretical maximum copper uptake of 247 mg/g. As proven by XPS and FT-IR analysis, the coordination of pyrazine nitrogen atoms with copper ions is the dominant adsorption mechanism of copper by pz-UiO-66. This work provides an opportunity for efficient and selective copper removal under strongly acidic conditions, and promises extensive application prospects for the removal of copper in the treatment for acid metallurgical wastewater.     

我国土壤中重金属铜的生物配体模型的建立与应用

关于重金属污染的风险评价及其预测模型日益成为环境领域的研究热点。近年来,一种用于预测和评价环境中重金属生物毒性的机理性模型一生物配体模型(BLM)被广泛应用于水体及陆地生态系统。本研究以我国土壤的陆地生物配体模型(TBLM)建构为目标,以土壤溶液系统为媒介,通过17种土壤上重金属铜离子与大麦根长的相互作用关系,发现了土壤中Cu-TBLM的主要影响因素为Cu~(2+)、CuOH~+、Mg~(2+)以及铜离子与大麦根系表面的专性结合能力。基于模型大麦根长预测值与实测值之间的相关关系,通过数学拟合功能求得TBLM中各参数值为logK_(CuBL)=4.87、logK_(CuOH)+=7.62、logK_(MgBL)=1.91、f~(50%)=0.103、β=1.09。本研究所得到的TBLM模型能很好地预测我国土壤中铜对大麦根长的毒害程度,预测值与实测值的相关性达到了90%。本研究结果不仅可以为我们降低重金属离子生物有效性提供有力的理论借鉴,更对我国土壤环境质量保护和长期良性可持续发展具有重要意义。文160余篇。     

Quantitative risk analysis of toxic gas release caused poisoning—A CFD and dose–response model combined approach

Some major toxic gas release accidents demonstrate the urgent need of a systematic risk analysis method for individuals exposed to toxic gases. A CFD numerical simulation and dose–response model combined approach has been proposed for quantitative analysis of acute toxic gas exposure threats. This method contains four steps: firstly, set up a CFD model and monitor points; secondly, solve CFD equations and predict the real-time concentration field of toxic gas releases and dispersions; thirdly, calculate the toxic dose according to gas concentration and exposure time; lastly, estimate expected fatalities using dose–response model. A case study of hydrogen sulfide releases from a gas gathering station has been carried out using a three dimension FLUENT model. Acute exposure fatalities have been evaluated firstly with a simplified ideal model which assumes workers stay at original exposure location without moving. Then a comparison has been made with a more realistic model which assumes workers start evacuating according to a prearranged course as soon as hydrogen sulfide detection system alarms. These two models represent the worst and best emergency response effects, respectively, and the analysis results demonstrate significant differences. Results indicate that the CFD and dose–response combined approach is a good way for estimating fatalities of individuals exposed to accidental toxic gas releases.     

风险感知理论模型及影响因子分析

笔者目的在于通过文献凝练,明确风险感知在现代风险评估体系中的重要性,分析风险感知研究中亟需解决的定量化分析等关键问题,并提出相应的解决办法。通过心理测量范式和社会认知模型等经典理论方法的研究,梳理总结出适用于风险感知研究的理论模型;同时,对风险感知影响因子进行了定量化测量并对文化理论进行了探讨。结果表明,情绪因子使得63%的人产生面对风险时的态度波动。其中,愤怒和恐惧是体现最为明显的情绪类型。风险目标因子则直接影响人们对风险等级的判断。文化理论等方法表明,面对风险人们因心理特征和个性差异有不同行为选择并形成4种不同类别的人群。最后得出,风险感知是风险中人群行为决策和风险判断过程的基础,其中情绪因子应为今后相关研究探讨重点。     

基于风险指数RI的选址评价在LNG储备库中的应用

研究基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法,确定评价方法的框架和程序,并将该评价方法用于某拟建LNG储备库的选址.结果表明,沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸在拟建LNG储备库可能发生的事故中的后果最严重.以沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸的计算结果为依据,在GIS中对LNG储备库进行缓冲区分析,得到直观显示的事故影响区域和影响对象.计算拟建LNG储备库的选址风险并与可接受风险水平进行比较,确定选址的合理性且适当调整周边布局.研究表明,基于风险指数RI的选址评价方法对合理确定重大工程选址是切实可行的.     

消防服用织物热防护性能测试分析与研究

热防护性能(Thermal protective performance—TPP)是阻燃型服装或织物隔热防护性能重要指标。本文在已研制的一种模拟人体皮肤及体形的高温"圆筒仪"上进行了改进,并用其测试阻燃服装织物的热防护性能。用膜电偶测量模拟皮肤器表面温升率,并结合烧伤积分模型的评价方法来计算达到二级烧伤的防热时间。与其它一维平面测试装置相比,本装置可较为准确评估实际服装热收缩特征对服装热防护性能的影响。     

棉纺织企业火灾成因及消防管理对策研究

棉纺织企业存在大量的易燃可燃物质,火灾危险性大,极易引发火灾事故,且火灾蔓延途径多、燃烧速度快,易造成严重后果。该文根据棉纺织企业生产的特点,从人—机—环境系统的角度,从"人的不安全行为"、"物的不安全状态"和"环境的不安全条件"三个方面分析了棉纺织企业火灾的成因,有针对性从六个方面提出了消防安全管理对策,对提高企业的消防安全管理水平,增强其经济效益和社会效益具有重要的意义。     

分布式防震减灾系统的初步设计

阐述了以分布式地理信息系统(DGIS)软件为开发平台的分布式防震减灾系统的初步设计和系统建设的目的、原则,讨论了系统的软硬件配置,结合某系统实例阐明了分布式防震减灾系统的框架结构以及模块功能组成.指出分布式网络GIS的应用研究已经成为防震减灾系统建设的一个重要发展方向.该思路正在结合具体的城市实施,探索为防震减灾系统的建设提供新的经验.     

基于灰色模型的电力变压器可靠性分析

针对电力变压器可靠性建模精度要求高、但可靠性数据较少这一问题,将电力变压器看做是一个灰色系统,分别利用灰色GM(1,1)模型和无偏灰色GM(1,1)模型建立电力变压器的可靠性分析的数学模型,通过数据拟合得到电力变压器相应的故障率数据,对拟合精度进行检验后发现本文提出的可靠性建模方法精度高、实现快捷,是一种有效可行的电力变压器可靠性研究方法,其分析结果可为制定电力变压器的维护与维修策略以及状态检修工作提供依据。