试论清洁生产对环境标准体系的影响

探讨了推行清洁生产对环境标准体系的影响，认为我国在工业污染防治战略由“末端治理”转向“生产全过程控制”的过程中，环境标准体系的建立必须与先进的生产工艺、企业的经济效益、企业的环境管理、产品的环境指标、商品流通领域的环境标志相结合，才能适合环境管理的需要。     

Distribution,enrichment mechanism and risk assessment for fluoride in groundwater: a case study of Mihe-Weihe River Basin,China

● High fluorine is mainly HCO₃·Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na type. ● F⁻ decreases with the increase of depth to water table. ● High fluoride is mainly affected by fluorine-containing minerals and weak alkaline. ● Fluorine pollution is mainly in the north near Laizhou Bay (wet season > dry season). ● Groundwater samples have a high F⁻ health risk (children > adults). Due to the unclear distribution characteristics and causes of fluoride in groundwater of Mihe-Weihe River Basin (China), there is a higher risk for the future development and utilization of groundwater. Therefore, based on the systematic sampling and analysis, the distribution features and enrichment mechanism for fluoride in groundwater were studied by the graphic method, hydrogeochemical modeling, the proportionality factor between conventional ions and factor analysis. The results show that the fluorine content in groundwater is generally on the high side, with a large area of medium-fluorine water (0.5–1.0 mg/L), and high-fluorine water is chiefly in the interfluvial lowlands and alluvial-marine plain, which mainly contains HCO₃·Cl-Na- and HCO₃-Na-type water. The vertical zonation characteristics of the fluorine content decrease with increasing depth to the water table. The high flouride groundwater during the wet season is chiefly controlled by the weathering and dissolution of fluorine-containing minerals, as well as the influence of rock weathering, evaporation and concentration. The weak alkaline environment that is rich in sodium and poor in calcium during the dry season is the main reason for the enrichment of fluorine. Finally, an integrated assessment model is established using rough set theory and an improved matter element extension model, and the level of groundwater pollution caused by fluoride in the Mihe-Weihe River Basin during the wet and dry seasons in the Shandong Peninsula is defined to show the necessity for local management measures to reduce the potential risks caused by groundwater quality.     

含硫芳香族化合物的好氧微生物降解

本文测定了一批苯硫基（亚砜基、砚基）乙酸酯类化合物的好氧微生物降解速率常数Ｋｂ，在此基础上，对这类化合物的结构与其生物降解速率之间的关系进行了分析，研究表明：苯硫基乙酸酯类化合物的降解速率大于苯磺基乙酸酯类化合物，关两类化合物的降解速率又叁于苯亚砚基乙酸酯类化合物；甲酯比异丙酯易降解；苯环上硝基与氯取代基均会降低化合物的可生化性，且对位硝基对阻碍作用高于邻位取代的硝基；另外，降解速率常数取代基数目     

内蒙阿拉善地区植物与土壤元素背景值特征及其相互关系

内蒙阿拉善地区植物、土壤的元素背景特征及其相互关系的研究结果表明：５３种植物的９种元素（Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｖ、Ｍｎ）背景含量有很大差异．不同生活型植物背景值也各异，总的规律为：Ｍｎ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｖ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｎｉ＞Ｃｒ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｏ＞Ｃｄ；同种植物的元素含量在不同群落中有明显差别，但都在同一个数量级．土壤９种元素的背景含量均以Ｍｎ含量最高，其次为Ｚｎ和Ｖ，Ｃｄ的含量最低；不同上类各剖面各种元素的垂直分布规律为底层或表层的元素含量高于中间各层．土壤元素背景值都高于植物背景值，前者一般为后者的２～２０倍．植物对元素的吸收系数以Ｃｄ最大，Ｃｒ最小．土壤元素含量与有机质含量的相关性因土类不同而异：沙土的有机质含量最低，只有Ｚｎ含量与有机质相关性显著；而盐土的有机质含量最高，有Ｃｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｚｎ６种元素含量与之显著相关．     

预处理＋超滤技术处理饮用水

在查阅了大量的国内外文献资料基础上,主要介绍了超滤技术及预处理应用于饮用水净化的研究。尽管超滤是一种去除病原微生物（病原菌、病毒和病原原生动物）有效的消毒工艺,但因它的截留分子量比较高,去除天然有机物相对无效。试验证明,适当的预处理可使超滤膜不仅能去除天然水中大量颗粒状物质,同时也可去除溶解性有机物及THMFP。     

分子生物技术在微生物降解环境污染物中的应用

介绍了与环境微生物关键降解酶基因的筛选、克隆及应用相关的分子生物技术,包括聚合酶链式反应技术、基因重组技术、荧光原位杂交技术和生物信息学等技术,并对这些技术在污染物降解基因检测、筛选和克隆方面的应用进行了阐述与探讨。     

改良型装配式人工湿地处理北京市城乡结合部污水的研究

适当的水力条件是实现人工湿地处理目标和正常运行的基本保证。人工湿地水力停留时间较长是最为突出的一个问题,它直接导致了系统处理能力偏小。针对这个问题,本文采用改良型装配式人工湿地,进行了停留时间的试验研究。结果表明,在停留时间为4 d的条件下,COD的平均去除率为87.54%,NH4+-N的平均去除率为37.08%,TN的平均去除率为31.9%。     

Effects of urea addition on anaerobic digestion characteristics of hulless barley straw pretreated with KOH

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The objective of this study was to improve the comprehensive utilization of hulless barley straw during anaerobic digestion (AD) by exploring the...     

新疆乌恰—伽师地区强震活动与防震减灾对策初步研究

新疆乌恰—伽师地区由于其特殊的地理位置和复杂的构造环境，频繁发生强震。本文对该区域构造、现代应力场的分布和强震活动特征以及这样一个地震重灾区的防震减灾对策进行了初步分析研究。区内活动构造极为发育，为强震活动提供了背景；强震震源机制解研究表明，区内主要受近南北向的水平压应力为主，震源断错具有不同性质。近半个世纪以来该区遭受多次７级强震、数次６级地震灾害，特别是１９９７年１月２１日至４月１６日伽师县连续发生７次６级强震，给该县造成了巨大的经济损失并严重影响了社会经济发展。文中就如何提高该区防御地震能力，减轻震害损失提出了几点具体对策和适合该区大震应急的实施办法，可供乌恰—伽师多震区综合防震减灾工作参考。     

黄河山东段断流的成因及对策

近年来黄河下游断流时段、断流河段逐年延长, 断流开始日期逐年提前, 下游黄河面临决口改道的险境。同时, 下游的经济发展受到很大损失, 生态平衡受到严重破坏。本文分析产生的原因、指出危害、总结过去认识上的不足、探讨性的提出解决的对策