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551.
Charles C. Morris Paul M. Stewart Thomas P. Simon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(2):295-307
Abstract: This study evaluated biological integrity expectations of fish assemblages in wadeable streams for the Alabama portion of the Choctawhatchee River watershed using a multimetric approach. Thirty‐four randomly selected stream sites were sampled in late spring 2001 to calibrate an index of biotic integrity (IBI). Validation data were collected during the spring 2001, and summer and fall of 2003 from disturbed and least‐impacted targeted sites (n = 20). Thirty‐five candidate metrics were evaluated for their responsiveness to environmental degradation. Twelve metrics were selected to evaluate wadeable streams and four replacement metrics were selected for headwater streams. Scores that ranged from 58 to 60 were considered to be representative of excellent biotic integrity (none found in this study), scores of 48‐52 as good integrity (31% of the sites in this study), 40‐44 as fair (43%), 28‐34 as poor (21%), and 12‐22 as very poor (5%). Of the four stream condition categories (urban, cattle, row crop, and least impacted), the IBI scores for urban and cattle sites differed significantly from least‐impacted sites. Row crop sites, although not significantly different from least‐impacted, tended to have greater variability than the other categories. Lower IBI scores at both urban and cattle sites suggest that the IBI accurately reflects stream impairment in the Choctawhatchee River drainage. 相似文献
552.
Modelling of long-term behaviour of caesium and strontium radionuclides in the Arctic environment and human exposure 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Golikov V Logacheva I Bruk G Shutov V Balonov M Strand P Borghuis S Howard B Wright S 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2004,74(1-3):159-169
In this paper a compartment model of the highly vulnerable Arctic terrestrial food chain "lichen-reindeer-man" is outlined. Based upon an analysis of measured (137)Cs and (90)Sr contents in lichen and reindeer meat from 1961 up to 2001, site specific model parameters for two regions in north-western Arctic Russia and for Kautokeino municipality in Arctic Norway have been determined. The dynamics of radionuclide activity concentrations in the "lichen-reindeer-man" food chain for all areas was satisfactorily described by a double exponential function with short-term and long-term effective ecological half-lives between 1-2 and 10-12 years, respectively, for both (137)Cs and (90)Sr. Using parameter values derived from the model, life-time internal effective doses due to consumption of reindeer meat by reindeer-breeders after an assumed single pulse deposit of 1 kBq m(-2) of (137)Cs were estimated to be 11.4 mSv (Kola Peninsula), 5 mSv (Nenets Autonomous Area), and 2 mSv (Kautokeino, Norway). Differences in vulnerability to radiocaesium deposition were due to differences in transfer between lichen and reindeer and in diet between the three regions. 相似文献
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556.
The legacy of migration in response to climate stress: learning from the Gilbertese resettlement in the Solomon Islands 下载免费PDF全文
Simon D. Donner 《Natural resources forum》2015,39(3-4):191-201
The long‐term threat of sea‐level rise to coral atoll and reef island communities in Kiribati, Tuvalu and other nations has raised the possibility of international migration. Historical resettlements in the Pacific may provide valuable insight into the long‐term effect of future climate change‐related migration on communities. This study evaluates the challenges faced by Gilbertese people resettled from modern‐day Kiribati to Ghizo in the Solomon Islands by the British colonial administration in the mid‐1900s. Drawing upon field interviews (n = 45) conducted in 2011 and the available historical literature, the study examines the circumstances of the initial failed resettlement in the equatorial Phoenix Islands, the subsequent relocation to Ghizo, and the recent concerns of the Gilbertese in Ghizo. Focus is placed on the struggle to recover from the 2007 tsunami that devastated the unprepared community. The analysis reveals that uncertainty about land tenure (raised by 61% of respondents) persists 60 years after resettlement, and is linked to the ability to recover from the tsunami, tensions with the Melanesian population, concerns over political representation, cultural decline, and education and employment opportunities. The Gilbertese experience can serve as a cautionary tale for policymakers considering mechanisms for facilitating climate change‐related migration. 相似文献
557.
Tom B. Letessier Laura Mannocci Brittney Goodwin Clare Embling Asha de Vos R. Charles Anderson Simon N. Ingram Andy Rogan Samuel T. Turvey 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14043
Many species are restricted to a marginal or suboptimal fraction of their historical range due to anthropogenic impacts, making it hard to interpret their ecological preferences from modern-day data alone. However, inferring past ecological states is limited by the availability of robust data and biases in historical archives, posing a challenge for policy makers . To highlight how historical records can be used to understand the ecological requirements of threatened species and inform conservation, we investigated sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) distribution in the Western Indian Ocean. We assessed differences in information content and habitat suitability predictions based on whale occurrence data from Yankee whaling logs (1792–1912) and from modern cetacean surveys (1995–2020). We built maximum entropy habitat suitability models containing static (bathymetry-derived) variables to compare models comprising historical-only and modern-only data. Using both historical and modern habitat suitability predictions we assessed marine protected area (MPA) placement by contrasting suitability in- and outside MPAs. The historical model predicted high habitat suitability in shelf and coastal regions near continents and islands, whereas the modern model predicted a less coastal distribution with high habitat suitability more restricted to areas of steep topography. The proportion of high habitat suitability inside versus outside MPAs was higher when applying the historical predictions than the modern predictions, suggesting that different marine spatial planning optimums can be reached from either data sources. Moreover, differences in relative habitat suitability predictions between eras were consistent with the historical depletion of sperm whales from coastal regions, which were easily accessed and targeted by whalers, resulting in a modern distribution limited more to steep continental margins and remote oceanic ridges. The use of historical data can provide important new insights and, through cautious interpretation, inform conservation planning and policy, for example, by identifying refugee species and regions of anticipated population recovery. 相似文献
558.
Paul M. Salmon Michael G. Lenné Neville A. Stanton Daniel P. Jenkins Guy H. Walker 《Safety Science》2010,48(10):1225-1235
Despite the provision of various theoretical models and error management methods, error and error-causing conditions remain omnipresent within road transport. This article presents a review of human error models and selected error management approaches, and their applications in a road transport context. The review indicates that such applications, although extant, are limited, and that, compared to other domains, the impact of the models and methods discussed has been only minimal. Reasons for this are discussed, and potential ways in which the models and methods can contribute to road safety are proposed. In conclusion, it is argued that human error models and management methods, although already well integrated within most safety critical domains, still have much to offer to the enhancement of road safety. Further, it is argued that advances in the area, in terms of theoretical and methodological development and validation, are still to be made, and that applications of the error management methods discussed are required to enable such advances. 相似文献
559.
Kohyar Kiazad Simon Lloyd D. Restubog Peter W. Hom Alessandra Capezio Brooks Holtom Thomas Lee 《组织行为杂志》2024,45(3):335-343
The question of why so many people leave science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) jobs continues to echo through social science research and Government policy. This is not surprising given the considerable investments into uptake and quality of STEM education and that STEM workers have a pivotal role to play in addressing current and future grand challenges. Yet, too many individuals with tertiary degrees in STEM—disproportionately women, racial minorities, and the underprivileged—leave or pursue careers in non-STEM fields. While demand for employment in STEM continues to grow, such persistent STEM defections present a significant challenge. We offer an integrative special issue of eight empirical articles capturing current thinking and evidence on employee retention and turnover, both within and beyond the realm of STEM. Our thematic analysis of the articles reveals overarching themes around the fundamental question of why people choose to stay in their jobs and why they leave. From this, we provide a future research agenda recognizing the myriad work and nonwork factors influencing the desire and ability to stay in one's chosen profession, particularly in critical sectors where gender and minority attrition rates prevail. 相似文献
560.
The mechanisms of regulating worker reproduction in bumblebees were studied by direct behavioral observations and by measuring
ovarian development and juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis rates in workers under different social conditions. Workers in
the last stage of Bombus terrestris colony development (the competition phase) had the lowest ovarian development and JH biosynthesis rates. Callows introduced
into colonies immediately after queen removal (dequeened colonies) demonstrated a significant increase in ovarian development
before, but not during, the competition phase. These findings differ from the higher ovarian development in colonies during
the competition phase predicted by the prevailing hypothesis that worker reproduction starts in response to a decrease in
queen inhibition. Reproduction of callows housed with dominant workers in small queenless groups was inhibited as in queenright
colonies. This suggests that the reduced ovarian development and JH biosynthesis rates observed in dequeened and normally
developing colonies during the competition phase also reflect inhibition by dominant workers. Thus, two distinct stages of
inhibition of reproduction seem to exist: (1) before the competition phase, when the queen slows down worker ovarian development
and prevents oviposition; (2) during the competition phase, when dominant workers inhibit ovarian development of other workers.
Between these stages there seems to be a temporal “window” of enhanced worker reproductive development. The queen's typical
switch to haploid egg production was not associated with changes in worker ovarian development or JH biosynthesis rates. These
findings suggest that regulation of worker reproduction in B. terrestris is not determined by simple changes in the queen's inhibition capacity or by the sex of offspring and that the worker's role
is more important than previously believed.
Received: 18 March 1998 / Accepted after revision: 18 July 1998 相似文献