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881.
International aid is increasingly focused on adaptation to climate change. At recent meetings of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the developed world agreed to rapidly increase international assistance to help the developing world respond to the impacts of climate change. In this paper, we examine the decision-making challenges facing internationally supported climate change adaptation projects, using the example of efforts to implement coastal protection measures (e.g. sea walls, mangrove planting) in Kiribati. The central equatorial Pacific country is home to the Kiribati Adaptation Project, the first national-level climate change adaptation project supported by the World Bank. Drawing on interview and document research conducted over an 8-year period, we trace the forces influencing decisions about coastal protection measures, starting from the variability and uncertainty in climate change projections, through the trade-offs between different measures, to the social, political, and economic context in which decisions are finally made. We then discuss how sub-optimal adaptation measures may be implemented despite years of planning, consultation, and technical studies. This qualitative analysis of the real-world process of climate change adaptation reveals that embracing a culturally appropriate and short-term (~20 years) planning horizon, while not ignoring the longer-term future, may reduce the influence of scientific uncertainty on decisions and provide opportunities to learn from mistakes, reassess the science, and adjust suboptimal investments. The limiting element in this approach to adaptation is likely to be the availability of consistent, long-term financing. 相似文献
882.
Roberto Recart dos Santos Bianca Turra Kellen Simon Adriani Paganini Damiani Giulia Strapazzon Rafaela Tomaz Leandro 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(10):866-874
AbstractMikania glomerata Sprengel, popularly known as “guaco,” is used in Brazilian folk medicine for several inflammatory and allergic conditions. Besides, the popular use “guaco” is indicated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health as a safe and effective herbal medicine. The biological activity of M. glomerata extracts is due to the presence of the coumarins, a large family of phenolic substances found in plants and is made of fused benzene and α-pyrone rings. Considering that there are few data on the biological effects of the extracts of M. glomerata, mainly in genetic level, this work aims to evaluate, in vitro, the genotoxicity and coumarin production in M. glomerata in conventional and organic growing. The data showed that the organic culture system showed double the concentration of coumarin being significantly more productive than the conventional system. Besides, the results of comet assay suggest that extracts of M. glomerata cultivated in a conventional system was genotoxic, increased DNA damage levels while the organic extracts seem to have antigenotoxic effect possibly due to the concentration of coumarins. Additional biochemical investigations are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of action of M. glomerata extracts, which were found to have a role in protection against DNA damage. 相似文献
883.
Bente Edvardsen Simon M. Dittami René Groben Sissel Brubak Laura Escalera Francisco Rodríguez Beatriz Reguera Jixin Chen Linda K. Medlin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):6733-6750
Dinophysis and Phalacroma species containing diarrheic shellfish toxins and pectenotoxins occur in coastal temperate waters all year round and prevent the harvesting of mussels during several months each year in regions in Europe, Chile, Japan, and New Zealand. Toxicity varies among morphologically similar species, and a precise identification is needed for early warning systems. Molecular techniques using ribosomal DNA sequences offer a means to identify and detect precisely the potentially toxic species. We designed molecular probes targeting the 18S rDNA at the family and genus levels for Dinophysis and Phalacroma and at the species level for Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis acuta, and Dinophysis norvegica, the most commonly occurring, potentially toxic species of these genera in Western European waters. Dot blot hybridizations with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified rDNA from 17 microalgae were used to demonstrate probe specificity. The probes were modified along with other published fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR probes and tested for a microarray platform within the MIDTAL project (http://www.midtal.com). The microarray was applied to field samples from Norway and Spain and compared to microscopic cell counts. These probes may be useful for early warning systems and monitoring and can also be used in population dynamic studies to distinguish species and life cycle stages, such as cysts, and their distribution in time and space. 相似文献
884.
Courbet C Rivière A Jeannottat S Rinaldi S Hunkeler D Bendjoudi H de Marsily G 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2011,126(3-4):315-329
885.
Gu J Nicoullaud B Rochette P Pennock DJ Hénault C Cellier P Richard G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3149-3155
We assessed nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions at shoulder and foot-slope positions along three sloping sites (1.6–2.1%) to identify the factors controlling the spatial variations in emissions. The three sites received same amounts of total nitrogen (N) input at 170 kg N ha−1. Results showed that landscape positions had a significant, but not consistent effect on N2O fluxes with larger emission in the foot-slope at only one of the three sites. The effect of soil inorganic N (NH4+ + NO3−) contents on N2O fluxes (r2 = 0.55, p < 0.001) was influenced by water-filled pore space (WFPS). Soil N2O fluxes were related to inorganic N at WFPS > 60% (r2 = 0.81, p < 0.001), and NH4+ contents at WFPS < 60% (r2 = 0.40, p < 0.01), respectively. Differences in WFPS between shoulder and foot-slope correlated linearly with differences in N2O fluxes (r2 = 0.45, p < 0.001). We conclude that spatial variations in N2O emission were regulated by the influence of hydrological processes on soil aeration intensity. 相似文献
886.
Grant James Williamson Guy S. Boggs David M. J. S. Bowman 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(1):19-27
In Kakadu National Park, a World Heritage property in the Australian monsoon tropics 250 km to the east of Darwin, a number
of recent studies have shown that woody encroachment (expansion of woody communities) and densification (increased biomass
in woody communities) has occurred in the last 40 years. The cause of this increase in woody biomass is poorly understood,
but possibly associated with the control of invasive Asian water buffalo, trend to higher rainfall, and increased frequency
of fires. Mangroves provide an important context to understand these landscape changes, given that they are unaffected by
fire or feral water buffalo. We examine change in mangrove distribution in a series of coastal tropical swamps fringing Darwin,
Northern Territory, Australia over a 30-year period using a series of 7 aerial photographs spanning 23 years from 1974 and
a 2004 high-resolution satellite image. In late 1974, Darwin was impacted by an intense tropical cyclone. Vegetation at 3,000
randomly placed points was manually classified, and a multinomial logistic model was used to asses the impact of landscape
position (coastal, intertidal, and upper-tidal) and swamp on mangrove change between 1974 and 2004. Over the study period,
there was instability and slight mangrove loss at the coast, stability in the intertidal zone, and mangrove gain in the upper-tidal
zone, with an overall increase in mangrove presence of 16.2% above the pre-cyclone distribution. A swamp that was impacted
by drainage works for mosquito control and the construction of a sewage treatment plant showed a greater mangrove increase
than the two unmodified swamps. The mangrove expansion is consistent with woody encroachment observed in nearby but ecologically
distinct systems. Plausible causes for this change include changed local hydrology, changes in sea level, and elevated atmospheric
CO2 concentrations. 相似文献
887.
This paper presents an empirical study of schooling attendance and collection of environmental resources using cross-sectional
data from Kiambu District of Kenya. Because the decision to collect environmental resources and attend school is jointly determined,
we used a bivariate probit method to model the decisions. In addition, we corrected for the possible endogeneity of resource-collection
work in the school attendance equation by using instrumental variable probit estimation. One of the key findings is that being
involved in resource collection reduces the likelihood of a child attending school. The result supports the hypothesis of
a negative relationship between children working to collect resources and the likelihood that they will attend school. The
results further show that a child’s mother’s involvement in resource collection increases school attendance. In addition,
although there is no school attendance discrimination against girls, they are overburdened by resource-collection work. The
study recommends immediate policy interventions focusing on the provision of public amenities, such as water and fuelwood. 相似文献
888.
Niki Frantzeskaki Cathy Oke Guy Barnett Sarah Bekessy Judy Bush James Fitzsimons Maria Ignatieva Dave Kendal Jonathan Kingsley Laura Mumaw Alessandro Ossola 《Ambio》2022,51(6):1433
Australia is experiencing mounting pressures related to processes of urbanisation, biodiversity loss and climate change felt at large in cities. At the same time, it is cities that can take the leading role in pioneering approaches and solutions to respond to those coupling emergencies. In this perspective piece we respond to the following question: What are the required transformations for prioritising, valuing, maintaining and embracing nature in cities in Australia? We adopt the mission framework as an organising framework to present proposed pathways to transform Australian cities as nature-positive places of the future. We propose three interconnected pathways as starting actions to steer urban planning, policy and governance in Australian cities: First, cities need to establish evidence-based planning for nature in cities and mainstream new planning tools that safeguard and foreground urban nature. Second, collaborative planning needs to become a standard practice in cities and inclusive governance for nature in cities needs to prioritise Aboriginal knowledge systems and practices as well as look beyond what local governments can do. Third, for progressing to nature-positive cities, it is paramount to empower communities to innovate with nature across Australian cities. Whilst we focus on Australian cities, the lessons and pathways are broadly applicably globally and can inspire science-policy debates for the post COP15 biodiversity and COP26 climate change implementation processes. 相似文献
889.
The fossil fuel divestment movement has been a vibrant novel development in climate change politics in recent years, particularly in North America. Here, the character of the discourse used to promote divestment as a strategy is explored. The divestment discourse is shown to rest on four overlapping narratives, those of war and enemies, morality, economics and justice. All four are clearly discernible in statements from movement activists, in coverage of divestment campaigns by major news sources and in the movement’s aims, objectives and strategies covered in alternative media. The war narrative, with the formulation of fossil fuel companies as enemies to be overcome to ensure survival, is the dominant narrative. By polarising climate action and identifying an antagonist against which to mobilise, divestment discourse has articulated climate change as an explicitly political phenomenon, in contrast to the primarily consensus and collaboration-based approaches that have predominated in climate politics. 相似文献
890.