多环麝香对蚯蚓的急性和亚急性毒性效应

为探讨多环麝香对土壤动物的毒性效应,以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)为供试生物,采用滤纸接触法与自然土壤法,考察了吐纳麝香(AHTN)和佳乐麝香(HHCB)对蚯蚓的急性和亚急性毒性效应。结果显示,滤纸法测得的AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓的急性经皮毒性为中等毒性,对蚯蚓的48h-LC_(50)分别为20.76和11.87μg·cm~(-2),而自然土壤法测得的AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓的14d-LC_(50)分别为436.3和392.4μg·g~(-1),2种多环麝香皆属低毒物质。HHCB对蚯蚓的急性毒性大于AHTN,但2种毒性测定方法中不同的染毒介质和毒性作用途径使AHTN和HHCB的急性毒性等级的界定有所差异。AHTN和HHCB对蚯蚓繁殖率的抑制作用较对生长速率更为明显,2种多环麝香对蚯蚓繁殖率的无可见效应浓度(NOEC)均为30μg·g~(-1),最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)均为50μg·g~(-1)。研究表明,蚯蚓繁殖率可作为一种潜在的生物标志物,用于监测或表征土壤中多环麝香的污染水平及其亚急性毒性效应。     

沿海资源富集区景观格局脆弱度的时空演变特征分析

探究最佳尺度下景观格局脆弱度的时空演变特征,有助于生态环境保护和功能优化.选择沿海资源富集区招远市为研究区,以2008年、2013年、2018年三期土地利用数据为基础,借助信息损失评价模型和半变异函数确定最佳空间粒度和幅度,构建了研究区景观格局脆弱度评价模型;运用普通克里金插值方法,得到研究区景观格局脆弱度分布图;利用...     

Prediction of ultimate bearing capacity of Tubular T-joint under fire using artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) model is developed for the prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity of tubular T-joint under fire. The input parameters of the network are composed of the diameter ratio (β), the wall thickness ratio (τ), the diameter–thickness ratio (γ) and the temperature (T). The output parameter is composed of the ultimate bearing capacity. In this paper, the training and testing data of the neural network are obtained using the finite element program ABAQUS. The network is trained by 216 dataset and tested by 27 dataset. In the process of training of the network, the Levenberg-Marquardt back-propagation algorithm is adopted. The ‘tansig’ function is adopted in the hidden layer, and the ‘purelin’ function is adopted in the output layer. The results predicted by ANN are compared with the results simulated by finite element method (FEM). These results show that the prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity using the network model is accurate and effective.     

大型储罐灾变风险源评价

储罐是石油化工行业常用的储存设备,经常储存易燃、易爆或有毒物品,在使用过程中,一旦储罐失效其后果非常严重。通过对引起储罐失效的因素进行系统分析,建立了以储罐失效为顶事件的事故树。通过分析,得到了储罐失效树的各阶最小割集,确定了引起储罐失效的灾变风险源,计算出基本事件的结构重要度系数,并进行了相对重要程度排序,提出了相应的改进措施以确保储罐平稳安全运行。     

室内空气品质评价方法

介绍了室内空气品质评价及国内目前已建立的一些室内空气品质评价方法的研究进展．包括综合指数法、动态模式法和主观评价法等。并说明了这几种方法的使用特点和优点．展望了它们在国内的应用前景。     

模糊综合评价在建筑机械管理中的应用

应用模糊综合评价方法对建筑机械管理进行定量的综合评判,以期能够定量地预警。     

秦山核电厂换料大修高风险作业控制应用及优化

根据秦山核电厂三十万千瓦机组换料大修高风险作业控制实践经验,介绍一种基于安全许可管理的大修高风险作业控制模式,将高风险作业控制流程嵌入电站生产管理系统,与工单直接关联,实现了高危作业活动识别、风险分析及安全防护措施制定电子流程化。通过对电厂最近六次机组换料大修高风险作业控制相关数据统计、比较,评价高风险作业控制模式在电厂大修中应用效果的稳定性与有效性;根据核电厂大修类作业项目特点,提出机组换料大修期间大纲作业项目高风险作业控制改进方向。     

鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05对微囊藻毒素的生物降解

研究了云南滇池水华蓝藻细胞中微囊藻毒素(MCs)的分析和鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05在细胞水平和酶水平下对MC-YR、RR和LR的生物降解.结果表明,云南滇池水华蓝藻细胞中MC-YR、RR和LR的含量分别为0.16, 0.96, 0.47mg/g.在初始浓度分别为19.5mg/L MC-YR、79.5mg/L MC-RR和43.6mg/L MC-LR下,鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05在2d内可将上述3种MCs全部降解,鞘氨醇单胞菌USTB-05粗酶液可以以更快的速率对MC-YR、MC-RR和MC-LR进行高效酶催化降解,在10h内可以将初始浓度分别为14.8mg/L MC-YR、28.4mg/L MC-RR和19.5mg/L MC-LR全部降解.同时发现了MC-YR降解过程中的2个中间和1个最终代谢产物.     

Moisture effects on eolian particle entrainment

In wind tunnel experiments, we study the effects of soil moisture on the threshold condition to entrain fine grain sand/silt into eolian flow and the near-bed concentration of airborne particles. To study the effect of particle shape on moisture bonding, we use two types of particles nearly equal in size: spherical glass beads $(d_{50} = 134\,\upmu \mathrm{m})$ and sieved quartz sand $(d_{50} = 139 \,\upmu \mathrm{m})$ . Both are poorly graded soils. We conducted these experiments at low moisture contents $({<}1\,\%)$ . We found that the spherical particles were more sensitive to changes in moisture than the sand, attributable to the large differences in specific surface area of the two particles. The larger specific surface area for sand is due to the surface roughness of the angular sand particle. Consequently, sand “stores” more moisture via surface adsorption, requiring higher soil moisture content to form liquid bridges between sand particles. Based on these findings, we extend the concept of a threshold moisture content, $w^{\prime }$ —originally proposed for clayey soils—to soils that lack any measureable clay content. This allows application of existing models developed for clayey soils that quantify the moisture effect on the threshold friction velocity to sand and silty soils (i.e., clay content $=$ 0). Additionally, we develop a model that quantifies the moisture effects on near-surface airborne particulate concentration, using experimental observations to determine the functional dependence on fluid and particle properties, including soil specific area. These models can be applied to numerical simulation of particulate plume formation and dispersion.     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.