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排序方式: 共有196条查询结果,搜索用时 156 毫秒
71.
The impact of mid-century climatic changes on crop productivity of winter wheat, maize, potato and sugar beet was assessed for a temperate maritime climate in the Flemish Region, Belgium. Climatic projections of multiple regional and global climate models (RCMs from the EU-ENSEMBLES project and GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3) were stochastically downscaled by the LARS-WG weather generator for use in the crop models AquaCrop and Sirius. Primarily positive effects on mean yield were simulated. Crops benefitted from elevated CO2, and from more radiation interception if the cropping period was adapted in response to higher temperatures. However, increased productivity was linked with increased susceptibility to water stress and greater inter-annual yield variability, particularly with adapted management. Impacts differed among and within ensembles of climate models, and among crops and environments. Although RCMs may be more suitable for local impact assessments than GCMs, inter-ensemble differences and contingent wider ranges of impacts with GCM projections found in this study indicate that applying RCMs driven by a limited number of GCMs alone would not give the full range of possible impacts. Further, this study suggests that the simulated intermodel variation can be larger than spatial variation within the region. These findings advocate the use of both GCM and RCM ensembles in assessments where temperature and precipitation are central, such as for crop production. 相似文献
72.
Klemm O Schemenauer RS Lummerich A Cereceda P Marzol V Corell D van Heerden J Reinhard D Gherezghiher T Olivier J Osses P Sarsour J Frost E Estrela MJ Valiente JA Fessehaye GM 《Ambio》2012,41(3):221-234
The collection of fog water is a simple and sustainable technology to obtain fresh water for afforestation, gardening, and as a drinking water source for human and animal consumption. In regions where fresh water is sparse and fog frequently occurs, it is feasible to set up a passive mesh system for fog water collection. The mesh is directly exposed to the atmosphere, and the foggy air is pushed through the mesh by the wind. Fog droplets are deposited on the mesh, combine to form larger droplets, and run down passing into a storage tank. Fog water collection rates vary dramatically from site to site but yearly averages from 3 to 10 l m−2 of mesh per day are typical of operational projects. The scope of this article is to review fog collection projects worldwide, to analyze factors of success, and to evaluate the prospects of this technology. 相似文献
73.
Dirk F. Young 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2012,17(5):515-525
The pesticides in flooded applications model (PFAM) is a regulatory model for government agencies and others interested in estimating water concentrations of pesticides used in flooded agriculture applications such as rice paddies and cranberries bogs. PFAM was designed around the specific parameters that are typically available for a pesticide risk assessment, thereby simplifying the model and allowing the user to concentrate on only the most relevant model inputs. The model considers the fate properties of pesticides and allows for the specifications of typical flooded agriculture management practices such as scheduled water releases and refills. It also allows for natural water-level fluctuations resulting from precipitation and evapotranspiration. Model quality assurance requirements for regulatory models aimed at protecting the public are that the models err on the high side of measured data and at the same time should not cause undue burden to stakeholders by being overly conservative. For the studies herein, PFAM did tend to err on the high side of the data yet provided more realistic estimates than the currently used methods, which thereby reduced stakeholder burden. As is also important for a regulatory model, PFAM is nonproprietary and freely available. 相似文献
74.
Plant uptake of trace elements on a Swiss military shooting range: uptake pathways and land management implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robinson BH Bischofberger S Stoll A Schroer D Furrer G Roulier S Gruenwald A Attinger W Schulin R 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):668-676
Over 400tons of Pb enters Swiss soils annually at some 2000 military shooting ranges (MSRs). We measured elements in the leaves of 10 plant species and associated rhizospheric soil on the stop butt of a disused MSR. The geometric mean concentrations of Pb, Sb, Cu, Ni in rhizospheric soils were 10,171mg/kg, 5067mg/kg, 4125mg/kg and 917mg/kg. Some species contained Pb, Cu and Ni, above concentrations (30mg/kg, 25mg/kg and 50mg/kg) shown to be toxic to livestock. Most contaminants in leaves resulted from surface deposition. However, at soil Pb concentrations >60,000mg/kg, Equisetum arvense and Tussilago farfara took up >1000mg/kg Pb into the leaves. These plants are not hyperaccumulators, having <100mg/kg Pb in leaves at lower soil concentrations. Removal of soil with more than 30,000 Pb, from which one could smelt this metal to offset remediation costs, followed by revegetation, would minimise dust and hence leaf-borne contaminants. 相似文献
75.
Heavy metals in seaducks and mussels from misty fjords national monument in Southeast Alaska 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
J. Christian Franson Philip S. Koehl Dirk V. Derksen Thomas C. Rothe Christine M. Bunck John F. Moore 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1995,36(2):149-167
Quartz Hill, in Misty Fjords National Monument near Ketchikan, Alaska, is the site of a proposed molybdenum-producing mine. To provide baseline data for use in post-development comparisons, we analyzed tissues of Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), common mergansers (Mergus merganser), and blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) for seven heavy metals that could potentially be released into the environment as a result of mining operations. Specimens were collected in 1980, 1981, and 1982 from two fjords likely to be used for discharge of tailings from the proposed mine and from two control fjords. Concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, chromium, molybdenum, lead, and zinc were measured in soft tissues of mussels and in kidney, liver, and muscle of birds. The highest mean concentrations of metals found in bird tissues were 55.7 ppm dry weight cadmium in kidneys and 154 ppm dry weight zinc in livers of Barrow's goldeneyes. Concentrations of several metals in blue mussels differed among seasons and locations, but the most significant finding in mussels was a maximum mean cadmium concentration of 9.6 ppm dry weight, a level higher than normally found in undisturbed areas. With the exception of 104 ppm dry weight cadmium in the kidney of one common merganser and 12.7 ppm dry weight lead in the kidney of another, concentrations of other metals in seaduck and mussel tissues were low, consistent with what would be expected for a pre-development environment. Molybdenum was found in low concentrations (<10 ppm dry weight) in all avian kidney samples and most liver samples, but was not detected in blue mussels.THE U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHT TO RETAIN A NON-EXCLUSIVE, ROYALTY FREE LICENCE IN AND TO ANY COPYRIGHT IS ACKNOWLEDGED. 相似文献
76.
Dirk Bunke 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2003,15(2):106-114
In order to quantify hazardous substance use in production processes, a special methodology has been designed within the context of the EcoGrade integrated environmental assessment method developed by the Öko-Institut, Institute for Applied Ecology. This methodology uses monoethylene glycol (MEG) equivalents as an indicator value for hazardous substance use. MEG equivalents permit direct, noxious-substance-focussed comparison of processes and products (Bunke 2001). The assessment is based upon the standardized risk phrases assigned to the component substances. The MEG equivalent methodology is a refinement and application of the potency factor model (Wirkfaktorenmodell) of the German Technical Rule for Hazardous Substances (Technische Regel für Gefahrstoffe, TRGS) 440 (AGS 2001). The data required for the assessment procedure are available within companies (safety data sheets) or are readily accessible publicly (hazardous substance databanks). A further benefit is that inventory analysis of hazardous substances using the method presented here makes it possible to take hazardous substance use into account in a systematic manner within life-cycle assessment (LCA) studies. The methodology has been tested for the example of residential buildings. Note: The terms ‘hazardous substance’, ‘noxious substance’ and ‘hazardous constituent’ are used in this paper in the sense of substances that have one of the hazard attributes set out in Article 3 of the German Chemicals Act (Chemikaliengesetz). 相似文献
77.
来自印度Adayar河的重金属:渗透进入相邻的地下水含水层 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dirk Walther Samuel Prebha Poovagounder Selvapathy Dieter Beck 《Ambio-人类环境杂志》2003,32(2):153-157
引言 Adayar河是一条很短的河流(40km长),向西南方向流去,流经Chennai(北纬13°05',东经80°15'),从这里蜿蜒曲折大约13km后汇入孟加拉湾(图1).在河口地带它变得很宽,河口宽达2km.汇水面积约有800km2,其中大多数地方地势平坦,有岩层的露头. 相似文献
78.
Fourier-transform infrared(FT-IR) spectroscopic experiments were carried out during phosphate adsorption on highly crystalline gibbsite, poorly crystalline 2-line-ferrihydrite and amorphous iron–aluminum–hydroxide mixtures in the molar ratio 1:0, 10:1, 5:1, 1:1, 1:5, 1:10 and 0:1. The OH stretching vibrational bands were utilized to analyze changes in structural and surface OH groups during adsorption, because the position of characteristic P\O vibrational bands can shift depending on reaction conditions, pH or adsorbed phosphate content.Adsorption and desorption kinetics were studied at pH6 and different initial phosphate concentrations to achieve varying phosphate coverage on the mineral surfaces. For gibbsite the formation of AlHPO_4 and Al_2HPO_4 can be assumed, while for ferrihydrite, a FeHPO_4 or Fe_2PO_4 complex and the precipitation of FePO_4 with longer equilibration time were proposed.Fe_2HPO_4 or a Fe_2PO_4 surface complex was deduced for Fe-hydroxides, an AlH_2PO_4 surface complex was identified for Al-hydroxide, and both displayed either hydrogen bonds to neighboring hydroxyl groups or hydrogen bonds to outer-sphere complexes. Fe:Al-hydroxide mixtures with high Al ratios showed a low phosphate desorption rate, while ferrihydrite and the Fe:Al-hydroxide mixtures with high Fe ratios had almost negligible desorption rates. It was concluded that within the weakly associated amorphous FeO(OH) materials, FePO_4 precipitated, which was bound by outer-sphere hydrogen bonds. With high Al ratios, desorption increased, which indicated weaker phosphate binding of both inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexes and hence, either no or minor quantities of precipitate. Ferrihydrite showed a more rigid structure and a lower extent of precipitation compared to amorphous Fe-hydroxide. 相似文献
79.
Johannes Stökl Robert Twele Dirk H. Erdmann Wittko Francke Manfred Ayasse 《Chemoecology》2007,17(4):231-233
Summary.
Ophrys flowers mimic the female produced sex pheromone of their pollinator species to attract males for pollination. The males try
to copulate with the putative female and thereby pollinate the flower. Using electrophysiological and chemical analyses, floral
volatiles released by O. iricolor as well as the female sex pheromone of its pollinator species, Andrena morio are investigated. Overall, 38 peaks comprising 41 chemical compounds, were found to release reactions in the antennae of
male A. morio bees. Analyses using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of alkanes and alkenes with 20 to
29 carbon atoms, aldehydes (C9 to C24) and two esters. Almost all of those compounds were found in similar proportions in
both, the floral extracts of O. iricolor and cuticle surface extracts of A. morio females. The pattern of biologically active volatiles described here is very similar to that used by other Ophrys species pollinated by Andrena males. 相似文献
80.
Andreas Ahrens Frank Claus Kerstin Heitmann Dirk Jepsen Lothar Kistenbrügger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2006,18(2):123-128
In October 2003, the EU Commission presented the proposal for a new Chemicals Regulation. In late autumn 2005, Parliament and Council were working on finding their position on the Commission’s proposal. From November 2004 to April 2005, a simulation was carried out at EU level aiming to test the workability of registration under REACh. Based on a strategic partnership, the European Chemical Industry Council together with other industry associations, the EU Commission and a number of Member States had launched this project. 53 manufacturers or users of chemicals and competent authorities of 13 EU Member States took part in the simulation: eight registration cases were dealt with in parallel. The participants had to conduct the registration of a substance (including preparatory work) and the dossier evaluation by the authorities. The simulation was performed in a ’free-flow mode’, which means, that the participants worked without any guidance on how to practically implement the duties and tasks as laid down in the draft regulation. In the final phase of the project, the three strategic parners worked towards a common understanding on potential workability problems and suitable options for solutions. This process resulted in a report including a set of agreed recommendations on 12 identified workability issues The recommendations are mostly related to the co-operation between registrants, the sharing of responsibilities and communication between manufactures and down-stream users as well as technical and scientific aspects of dossier compilation., In addition, the recommendations address the need to develop a common understanding across Europe regarding the role of authorities in evaluating the registration dossiers and developing suitable tools for the evaluation. In addition to the set of practical recommendations, SPORT has demonstrated that useful insights in the workability of a new piece of legislation can be gained from simulating the key processes in practise already during the legislative process. Such pilot trials could be seen as a contribution toBetter Regulation, one of the strategic goals of the EU Commission. 相似文献