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61.
62.
John P Dwyer Douglas Wallace David R. Larsen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(2):481-489
ABSTRACT: Following the Midwest flood of 1993, a study was initiated along a 39-mile segment of the Missouri River to determine if there was an association between woody corridors and levee stability. A systematic sample of levee failures revealed that primary levees which did not fail had a significantly wider woody corridor than failed levees. Analysis of the total inventory of failed levees revealed that as the width of the woody corridor decreased, the length of the levee failure increased. Number of levee failures and their severity of damage could be reduced if woody corridors were at least 300 feet wide. 相似文献
63.
Leaves of the oak, Quercus cerris, and thalli of the epiphytic lichen, Parmelia caperata, from the Travale-Radicondoli geothermal area (central Italy) were analyzed for their trace elements (As, B, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn). the results showed that concentrations of arsenic and boron in leaf and lichen samples were higher than in remote areas. the mean concentrations of many trace elements were higher in lichens than in oak leaves, suggesting that these organisms can be used in similar biomonitoring studies. the levels of boron and manganese were higher in tree leaves, so that for these two elements, the higher plant foliage could constitute a better biomonitor than lichens. the correlations found between the concentrations of cadmium and manganese in leaves and lichens suggests foliar leaching and washing of the elements down the tree trunk, where lichens may intercept them. 相似文献
64.
Simona Cicero Kevin Spencer Kyriaki Avgidou Stefano Faiola Kypros H. Nicolaides 《黑龙江环境通报》2005,25(11):977-983
65.
Peter F. Larsen Vincent Zdanowicz Anne C. Johnson Lee F. Doggett 《Chemistry and Ecology》1983,1(3):191-200
The concentrations in surface sediments of the trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined at 32 stations in the Casco Bay region of the Gulf of Maine. The metals are not distributed homogeneously but exhibit elevated levels around the Portland waterfront and generally low levels at offshore and tidally scoured stations. Comparison of these results to those from both industrialized and non-industrialized sites throughout New England indicates that the sediments in parts of the Casco Bay region are affected by trace metals. 相似文献
66.
The analysis of genotypic shifts in field-exposed populations has been proposed as a tool for monitoring the environmental
impacts of contaminants. Previous laboratory experiments showed the occurrence of genotypic shifts induced by copper exposure
in samples of Hediste diversicolor from the Pialassa estuary (North Adriatic Sea, Italy). In order to test if genotype-tolerance responses observed were consistent
at larger spatial scales, populations of H. diversicolor were sampled in three haphazardly chosen estuaries along the Italian coast (Comacchio, Pialassa, Serchio) and exposed to
0.48 mg l−1 Cu2+ under laboratory conditions. Survival analysis procedures were used to test for possible relationships between time-to-death
and genotypes at three allozyme loci (ALD, FH, PGI). Genotype-tolerance responses observed at locus ALD were consistent among populations up to 2500 km distant, with genotype ALD
102/102 associated with the shortest survival times. Comparisons with previous laboratory experiments showed that responses to copper
stress at locus ALD were also consistent in time, with genotypes ALD
102/102 and ALD
100/102 associated with higher 96 h mortality ratios. Results suggested the occurrence of stable relationships between genotypes
at locus ALD and tolerance responses of H. diversicolor to copper stress. Conversely, genotype-tolerance responses at loci PGI and FH were not consistent either in space (among populations from the three estuaries) or in time (between laboratory experiments),
being possibly affected by site-specific features of populations or stochastic factors. Results show that genotype-tolerance
responses should be carefully verified at different spatial and temporal scales, before considering genotypic shifts among
the possible tools for monitoring the effects of environmental stressors. 相似文献
67.
Polati S Gosetti F Gianotti V Gennaro MC 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2006,41(6):765-779
The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested. 相似文献
68.
69.
Microscope video graphs of particle paths near one-filament-thick mussel gill preparations, stimulated with a nerve transmitter (10–6
M serotonin which restores normal ciliary activity), were used to disclose the capture of 6 m algal cells. Suspended algal cells carried with the water were stopped for a while at the entrance to the interfilament gap by the action of the latero-frontal cirri (Ifc), and transferred to the frontal side of the filament to be transported towards the marginal food groove. The event of transfer took place during approximately a time interval of 1150 to 1/25 s. To gain a better understanding of the capture mechanism and retention efficiency versus particle size, the flow through and around the Ifc was theoretically estimated. Normally beating Ifc create periodic, unsteady, three-dimensional flows at the entrance to the interfilament canal. During the active beat most of the water is deflected to flow around the branching cilia of the Ifc while some of the water is strained by these. Large particles (> 4 m) are stopped and transferred to the frontal current, whereas smaller particles either follow the flow around the Ifc and escape or they are stopped by the branching cilia. 相似文献
70.
We studied the impact of group size on foraging behaviour and level of movement synchronisation among female herdmates of a fallow deer population in Central Italy. Both proportion of foraging events and movement synchronisation decreased with increasing group size. The proportion of foraging events was higher for animals on the edge of the group than for deer in the centre of the group; hence, there appears to be a trade-off between protection against predators and foraging interference, both of which decrease from the centre to the periphery of the group. This is the first time this type of behaviour has been recorded for wild ungulates. As expected, we also found that the movement of peripheral animals was less synchronised than that of central animals. Consequently, peripheral animals may lose contact with their herdmates and split off the group. We conclude that social inequalities may lead to conflicting requirements among group members and instability of large groups. Movement synchronisation (as a function of group size) appears to interact with habitat openness to produce variations of group size (which appear to be adaptive for individuals) as an emergent property of these aggregations. 相似文献