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231.
考虑到人类社会中大量使用化学物质,想要准确有效地评估这些化学物质对人类和生态受体的潜在风险,研发有效的手段和方法是至关重要的。鱼胚胎急性毒性试验是其中一种工具,已表现出与幼鱼急性毒性标准试验的预测结果高度吻合,而幼鱼试验对资源消耗更多。然而,也有证据表明,对于某些类型的化学物质,包括神经毒素,鱼类胚胎的敏感性低于幼鱼。本文利用已发表的斑马鱼胚胎毒性数据,与3种常用检测用鱼幼鱼(虹鳟鱼、蓝鳃太阳鱼、羊鲷)的半致死浓度50%(LC50)数据进行比较,研究了鱼类胚胎对农药危害评估的效用。在将农药视为单因素的情况下,斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼毒性数据相关性较差,差异显著(r2=0.28;p0.05),但将农药作用方式作为协方差分析的因子考虑时,两者呈现出较好的相关性(r2=0.64;p0.05)。数据库中的大量有关神经毒性农药的数据在一定程度上解释了这一差异性,也支持了先前发现的常用鱼类胚胎毒性测试终点对神经毒性特别不敏感的现象。这些结果表明,在农药常规危害评估中,尽管胚胎测试可以与其他筛选工具一起用于污染物优先性的初筛,但使用基于胚胎的测试(诸如经济合作与发展组织鱼类胚胎急性毒性试验等)来取代幼鱼类毒性测试仍为时过早。
精选自Glaberman, S., Padilla, S. and Barron, M. G. (2017), Evaluating the zebrafish embryo toxicity test for pesticide hazard screening. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1221–1226. doi: 10.1002/etc.3641
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3641/full 相似文献
232.
During impending storms, emergency managers (EMs) are tasked with various decisions and challenges, particularly whether to issue evacuation orders for their area. This study aims to understand the timeline of decisions made and actions taken leading up to Superstorm Sandy’s landfall from the EM perspective. A total of 23 in-depth interviews was conducted in New Jersey and New York. All municipal EMs interviewed first heard about what would become Superstorm Sandy between one and two weeks prior to landfall. From then on, municipal EMs monitored the storm using a variety of sources. The communication and information trail is top-down, starting with higher EM levels (i.e. federal and state) and ending with municipal, or local, EMs. Typically, voluntary evacuation orders were issued on Friday or Saturday, while mandatory evacuation orders began being issued on Saturday, two days before landfall, and continued until the day of landfall. Who issued the various evacuation orders depended on location. In New York City, the Mayor has full control of whether an evacuation is ordered, while in New Jersey, the local EMs generally have the authority. Understanding the timeline of decisions is the first step into fully assessing the EM process during events such as Sandy. 相似文献
233.
This study deals with regional climate change in five low mountain areas in Eastern Germany and assesses the awareness of
tourism professionals towards climate change, its impact on winter tourism and adaptation options. Favourable conditions for
winter tourism decreased over the last decades in the Saxon low mountain ranges. A change from predominantly snow-based to
a wider variety of winter tourism options appears indispensible as climate models project continuing warming. Diversifying
touristic options provides opportunities to develop new business fields and to attract new target groups. This paper reveals
obstacles and opportunities to adapt and develop winter tourism in the central European low mountain ranges and to increase
the competitiveness of regional tourism. A survey explored the current awareness of representatives of most of the Saxon downhill
skiing areas and of selected winter tourism municipalities towards climate change and its implications on their business.
Awareness is essential to successfully implement adaptation measures. About half of the interviewees were not aware of the
regional changes in natural snow conditions projected for the next 15–20 years. Nevertheless, the majority recognized climate
change as a serious issue. Yet, stakeholders repeatedly emphasized their uncertainty about related scientific facts. They
attributed their perception to mass media reports that suggest a lack of scientific consensus on climate change issues. Adaptation
options for slope-based and general winter tourism are developed and presented, involving ideas of the interviewees. To successfully
move towards adaptation, supply and marketing of alternative offers need to be strengthened. A survey of tourist expectations
is planned to ensure a successful implementation of new (winter) touristic offers in the Saxon mountains. 相似文献
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235.
Chemical and toxicologic assessment of organic contaminants in surface water using passive samplers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alvarez DA Cranor WL Perkins SD Clark RC Smith SB 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(3):1024-1033
Passive sampling methodologies were used to conduct a chemical and toxicologic assessment of organic contaminants in the surface waters of three geographically distinct agricultural watersheds. A selection of current-use agrochemicals and persistent organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, were targeted using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and the semipermeable membrane device passive samplers. In addition to the chemical analysis, the Microtox assay for acute toxicity and the yeast estrogen screen (YES) were conducted as potential assessment tools in combination with the passive samplers. During the spring of 2004, the passive samplers were deployed for 29 to 65 d at Leary Weber Ditch, IN; Morgan Creek, MD; and DR2 Drain, WA. Chemical analysis of the sampler extracts identified the agrochemicals predominantly used in those areas, including atrazine, simazine, acetochlor, and metolachlor. Other chemicals identified included deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine, trifluralin, fluoranthene, pyrene, cis- and trans-nonachlor, and pentachloroanisole. Screening using Microtox resulted in no acutely toxic samples. POCIS samples screened by the YES assay failed to elicit a positive estrogenic response. 相似文献
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237.
Karen Chong Sarah Keating Stephanie Hurst Anne Summers Howard Berger Gareth Seaward Nicole Martin Tami Friedberg David Chitayat 《黑龙江环境通报》2009,29(5):489-494
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this severe condition is difficult in view of the non-specific ultrasound abnormalities. We report three cases with prenatally suspected CdLS based on the ultrasound findings as well as low PAPP-A detected on first trimester screening in one case, and the results of the autopsy and the NIPBL gene mutation analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
238.
Laurie Richmond Beth Rose Middleton Robert Gilmer Zoltán Grossman Terry Janis Stephanie Lucero Tukoroirangi Morgan Annette Watson 《Environmental management》2013,52(5):1041-1045
This article describes the increasing connections between the fields of Indigenous studies and environmental management and examines some of the ways that an Indigenous studies perspective can guide thinking about environmental management. Indigenous groups have been involved in the management of environmental and natural resources on their lands since time immemorial. Indigenous groups have also become increasingly involved in Western practices of environmental management with the advent of co-management institutions, subsistence boards, traditional ecological knowledge forums, and environmental issues affecting Indigenous resources. Thus, it is an important time for scholarship that explores how Indigenous groups are both shaping and being affected by processes of environmental management. This article summarizes key findings and themes from eight papers situated at the intersection of these two fields of study and identify means by which environmental managers can better accommodate Indigenous rights and perspectives. It is the authors’ hope that increased dialog between Indigenous studies and environmental management can contribute to the building of sustainable and socially just environmental management practices. 相似文献
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240.
The identification of cell-free fetal DNA circulating in maternal blood combined with technological developments, in particular next-generation sequencing, is enabling the development of safer prenatal diagnosis. While this technology has been widely applied as a highly sensitive screening test for aneuploidy, there has been relatively little clinical application for the diagnosis of monogenic disorders. In the UK, we have established non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) as a clinical service for a range of inherited disorders. The results from NIPD do not require confirmation by invasive testing and are welcomed by patients and health professionals alike. Here, we describe the technical approaches used, current practice and outline recommendations for best practice when delivering an NIPD service from an accredited laboratory. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献