臭氧污染胁迫下植物的抗氧化系统调节机制

工业和农业的快速发展导致近地层O3浓度不断提高,这对陆地生态系统的动物、植物、微生物和人类健康造成伤害。O3对植物的影响尤其是对农作物的影响将关系到世界粮食的安全生产。O3污染胁迫可诱导植物产生活性氧物质,破坏植物的膜系统,影响植物的光合作用等正常生理功能。植物在自然适应过程中,可形成一套抗氧化机制来缓解O3胁迫伤害。综述了国内外近年来有关O3胁迫下植物抗氧化系统调节机制的研究进展,包括植物通过调节体内的抗氧化酶活性和非酶类物质含量来缓解O3对植物伤害的机制。O3污染胁迫下植物可调节其叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)等抗氧化酶的活性。抗坏血酸(AsA)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)等非酶类物质在清除O3胁迫产生活性氧方面具有重要的作用。另外,根据目前的研究进展,提出了一些需要继续深入探讨的问题。     

O3浓度升高对麦田土壤碳、氮含量和酶活性的影响

近地层O₃作为全球最重要的大气污染物之一,其对作物的生长发育、土壤酶活性、土壤碳、氮的影响机制已成为人们关注的重要问题。采用开顶式气室(OTCs)法模拟研究O₃浓度升高对冬小麦土壤碳、氮含量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,O₃浓度升高导致麦田0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的全碳(TC)和全氮(TN)含量呈现出下降的趋势。O₃浓度升高对土壤酶活性也有影响。在冬小麦灌浆期,O₃胁迫可促进土壤脱氢酶活性提高。当O₃浓度为120 nL·L^-1时,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的脱氢酶活性分别比对照处理提高59.4%、51.5%和22.2%。O₃胁迫对土壤转化酶活性的影响随着冬小麦生长期和土壤采样深度的不同而发生变化。在冬小麦拔节期,O₃处理对不同土层脲酶活性的影响没有达到显著差异水平,但是在灌浆期,20~40 cm土层的脲酶活性随着O₃浓度的增加而提高,在120 nL·L^-1浓度O₃处理下脲酶活性比对照处理提高24.6%。在O₃胁迫条件下土壤转化酶活性与土壤全碳含量、土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量均呈现出显著的正相关关系。     

Review on research and application of mesoporous transitional metal oxides in water treatment

This paper reviews the application of meso- porous transitional metal oxides in water treatment on basis of the catalysis and adsorption. Mesoporous transitional metal oxides are characterized by their intrinsic features, such as a high surface area, a highly ordered array of unidimensional pores with a very narrow pore size distribution, and highly dispersed active sites. Finally, the suggestions of further study on application are proposed.     

Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products by sequential ultraviolet and ozonation process in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant

The application of appropriate advanced treat- ment process in the municipal wastewater treatment plants （WWTPs） has become an important issue considering the elimination of emerging contaminants, such as pharma- ceutical and personal care products （PPCPs）. In the present study, the removal of 13 PPCPs belonging to different therapeutic classes by the sequential ultraviolet （UV） and ozonation process in a full-scale WWTP in Beijing was investigated over the course of ten months. Most of the target PPCPs were effectively removed, and the median removal efficiencies of individual PPCPs, ranging from -13% to 89%, were dependent on their reaction rate constants with molecular ozone. Noticeable fluctuation in the removal efficiencies of the same PPCPs was observed in different sampling campaigns. Nevertheless, the sequential UV and ozonation process still made a significant contribution to the total elimination of most PPCPs in the full-scale WWTP, by compensating for the poor or fluctuant removal performance of PPCPs by biologic treatment process.     

一种台风灾情综合评估模型及应用

对台风灾情评估提出了一种基于台风灾害案例历史案例分析、综合模糊数学和灰色关联分析的综合评估模型;利用模糊隶属函数将台风灾情原始数据无量纲化,再设定一极重灾为参考序列。根据台风各评估指标与参考序列的距离,计算出关联系数;将关联系数加权平均和定义为灾度,根据灾度值评定台风的灾级。并以广东省台风灾情为例,验证了此模型。     

Solvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils

A new strategy of heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils was studied. The hexane-acetone solvent mixture was used to investigate the ability of solvent extraction technique for cleaning up soils under various extraction conditions. The mixtures of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) were demonstrated to be the most effective in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils and approx 90% of saturates, naphthene aromatics, polar aromatics, and 60% of nC₇-asphaltenes were removed. Kinetic experiments demonstrated that the equilibrium was reached in 5 min and the majority of the oil pollutants were removed within 0.5 min. The effect of the ratio between solvent and soil on the extraction efficiency was also studied and results showed that the efficiency would increase following the higher solvent soil ratio. Then the multistage continuous extraction was considered to enhance the removal efficiency of oil pollutants. Three stages crosscurrent and countercurrent solvent extraction with the solvent soil ratio 6:1 removed 97% oil contaminants from soil. Clearly the results showed that the mixed-solvent of hexane and acetone (25 vol%) with character of low-toxic, acceptable cost and high efficiency was promising in solvent extraction to remove heavy oil fractions as well as petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated soils.     

立式储罐变形评估的三维激光扫描实验

针对常规储罐检测工作量大、效率低的问题,利用三维激光扫描仪对某储罐进行外部检测,获取高精度的储罐三维点云数据,通过建模形成一个拟合罐体,与理想罐体进行3D比较得到储罐变形的整体情况,该方法能够对储罐的变形评估做出准确判断,距离储罐底板0.3 m处有最大径向偏差51.63 mm,0.9 m处有最大倾斜度0.177°,基于三维激光扫描技术为储罐罐壁变形检测提供了一种可靠的新方法。     

NO2^-浓度对反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥缺氧吸磷的影响

以经过NO3-诱导的反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥为对象,研究了NO2-浓度对反硝化聚磷的影响.结果表明,反硝化聚磷过程中,当NO2-≤6.0 mg/L时,反硝化聚磷颗粒污泥可利用NO2-为电子受体进行反硝化聚磷,消耗单位N的最大聚磷量为3.45 mg;NO2-≥10.0 mg/L时,对颗粒污泥反硝化聚磷产生较强抑制,消耗单位N的聚磷量仅为1.00 mg;NO2-对反硝化聚磷的抑制主要与HNO2有关,HNO2对颗粒污泥反硝化聚磷的抑制阈值为0.000 8 mg/L.     

Perchlorate removal using granular activated carbon supported iron compounds: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity

Synthesis and use of the iron compounds supported on granular activated carbon (ICs/GAC) have shown significant environmental implications for perchlorate (ClO 4 ) removal. ICs/GAC was synthesized via hydrolyzing FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O on GAC, reduced by NaBH 4 solution in polyethylene glycol 6000 and ethanol solution, dried in vacuum condition and exposed to air. Synthesized ICs/GAC was characterized using transmission electron micrograph (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). ICs/GAC was determined to be containing a large amount of FeOHSO 4 , Fe 2 O 3 and a small amount of zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles according to TEM and XPS measurements. Batch static kinetic tests showed that 97% of ClO 4 was removed within 10 hr at 90°C and 86% of ClO 4 was removed within 12 hr at 25°C, at ICs/GAC dosage of 20 g/L. The experimental results also showed that FeOHSO 4 and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles have the function of perchlorate adsorption and play important roles in ClO 4 removal. The activation energy (E a ) was determined to be 9.56 kJ/mol.     

环境—经济系统能值（Emergy）评价：介绍Odum的能值理论

介绍了美国著名生态学家Ｈ．Ｔ．Ｏｄｕｍ创立的能值理论，通过具体实例来分析环境－ 能值特征，评价环境征税的经济价值，阐明自然环境与人类经济相互协调发 的重要性，为人们正确评价环境和从事科研提供新思路。