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91.
Uwe Frank Carolyn Esposito Daniel Sullivan 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):341-353
Investigation, mitigation, and clean-up of hazardous materials at Superfund sites normally requires on-site workers to perform hazardous and sometimes potentially dangerous functions. Such functions include site surveys and the reconnaissance for airborne and buried toxic environmental contaminants. Airborne contaminants of concern usually emanate from spilled materials and require monitoring the air at the perimeter and throughout the clean-up site to ascertain the extent of contamination. Buried contaminants of major concern are often the result of leaking underground drums containing toxic wastes and require "reconnaissance excavations" to determine their location. Workers conducting on-site air monitoring risk dermal, ocular and inhalation exposure to hazardous chemicals, while those performing excavations also risk the potential exposure to fire, explosion, and other physical injury. EPA's current efforts to protect its workers and mitigate these risks include the use of robotic devices. Using robots offers the ultimate in personnel protection by removing the worker from the site of potential exposure, especially during site investigations, when there is almost always a certain encounter with unknown chemical wastes having unknown toxicity. This paper describes the demonstration of a commercially-available robotic plat form modified and equipped for air monitoring and the ongoing research for the development of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system to detect buried chemical waste drums. These robotic devices can ultimately be routinely deployed in the field for the purpose of conducting inherently safe reconnaissance activities during Superfund / SARA remedial operations. 相似文献
92.
Effect of plastic tarps over raised-beds and potassium thiosulfate in furrows on chloropicrin emissions from drip fumigated fields 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Plastic tarps are commonly used in raised bed strawberry production to minimize emissions of preplant soil fumigants and are left in place throughout the growing season as part of the standard cultural practices. Soil amendments with chemicals such as thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)) can reduce fumigant emissions. A field study was conducted near Santa Maria, CA to determine the effects of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) over raised-beds and applying potassium thiosulfate (KTS) in furrows on reducing chloropicrin (CP) emissions from a strawberry field. Four fields (or treatments) were tested with 224 kg ha(-1) CP drip-applied threecm under the soil surface. The CP flux from bed tops and furrows and gas-phase concentrations under the tarps were monitored for five d. The CP emission flux and concentration under tarp were highest immediately following application. Diurnal temperature change affected CP concentration and emission fluxes (higher values during the day and lower at night). Slightly higher CP cumulative emission occurred using LDPE tarp (19%) compared to VIF (17%). Normalized flux (CP emission flux from the beds divided by CP concentration under the tarp) being estimated from field measurement was slightly higher for LDPE than VIF indicating different tarp permeability in the field. Because of extremely low emissions from the furrows (<0.2% of total emission loss), KTS application to furrow treatments did not show further emission reductions than non-KTS treatments. This indicates that emission reduction should focus on the tarp above raised-beds when fumigant was drip-applied near bed-surface. 相似文献
93.
Fractionation and extractability of sulfur, iron and trace elements in sulfidic sediments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study describes iron and sulfur fractionation, and the related extractability of selected trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in estuarine sediments. The sediments were sulfidic, with moderately high concentrations of pore-water sulfide (200-600 micromol l(-1)) and acid-volatile sulfide (AVS; 9.9-129 micromol g(-1)). Pyrite-S concentrations increased with depth, with 63-251 micromol g(-1) at site W1 and 312-669 micromol g(-1) at site W2. The degree of sulfidisation was generally high (>80%), indicating that Fe may be limiting pyrite accumulation. The ratios of AVS to pyrite-S increased with sediment depth, as expected for the pyritisation of solid-phase AVS. Cadmium, Pb and Zn extractability in 1M HCl indicated that these elements are not significantly sequestered during pyritisation, whereas sequestration may be important for As, Cu and possibly Ni. Extractability trends for Cr suggest that diagenesis in sulfidic sediments may enhance Cr reactivity. Overall, replacement of AVS by pyrite during diagenesis may enhance the reactivity of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn, whereas As, Cu and possibly Ni may be rendered less reactive. 相似文献
94.
Bialowas YD Sullivan EC Schneller RD 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(9):1320-1324
The University of Houston is located just south of downtown Houston, TX. Many different chemical substances are used in scientific research and teaching activities throughout the campus. These activities generate a significant amount of waste materials that must be discarded as regulated hazardous waste per U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules. The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is the state regulatory agency that has enforcement authority for EPA hazardous waste rules in Texas. Currently, the University is classified as a large quantity generator and generates >1000 kg per month of hazardous waste. In addition, the University has experienced a major surge in research activities during the past several years, and overall the quantity of the hazardous waste generated has increased. The TCEQ requires large quantity generators to prepare a 5-yr Pollution Prevention (P2) Plan, which describes efforts to eliminate or minimize the amount of hazardous waste generated. This paper addresses the design and development of a low-cost P2 plan with minimal implementation obstacles and strong payoff potentials for the University. The projects identified can be implemented with existing University staff resources. This benefits the University by enhancing its environmental compliance efforts, and the disposal cost savings can be used for other purposes. Other educational institutions may benefit by undertaking a similar process. 相似文献
95.
Field evaluation of a new plastic film (vapor safe) to reduce fumigant emissions and improve distribution in soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Qin R Gao S Ajwa H Sullivan D Wang D Hanson BD 《Journal of environmental quality》2011,40(4):1195-1203
Preplant soil fumigation is an important pest management practice in coastal California strawberry production regions. Potential atmospheric emissions of fumigants from field treatment, however, have drawn intensive environmental and human health concerns; increasingly stringent regulations on fumigant use have spurred research on low-emission application techniques. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of a new low-permeability film, commonly known as totally impermeable film (TIF), on fumigant emissions and on fumigant distribution in soil. A 50/50 mixture of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and chloropicrin (CP) was shank-applied at 314 kg ha in two location-separate field plots (0.4 ha each) in Ventura County, California, in fall 2009. One plot was surface-covered with standard polyethylene (PE) film, and the other was covered with TIF immediately after fumigant application. Data collection included emissions, soil-gas phase concentration profile, air concentration under the film, and soil residuals of the applied fumigants. Peak emission flux of 1,3-D and CP from the TIF field was substantially lower than from the PE field. Total through-film emission loss was 2% for 1,3-D and <1% for CP from the TIF field during a 6-d film covering period, compared with 43% for 1,3-D and 12% for CP from the PE field. However, on film-cutting, greater retention of 1,3-D in the TIF field resulted in a much higher emission surge compared with the PE field, while CP emissions were fairly low in both fields. Higher concentrations and a more uniform distribution in the soil profile for 1,3-D and CP were observed under the TIF compared with the PE film, suggesting that the TIF may allow growers to achieve satisfactory pest control with lower fumigant rates. The surging 1,3-D emissions after film-cutting could result in high exposure risks to workers and bystanders and must be addressed with additional mitigation measures. 相似文献
96.
Introduction
Previous studies have shown that increased risk in darkness is particularly great for pedestrian crashes, suggesting that attempts to improve headlighting should focus on factors that likely influence those crashes. The current analysis was designed to provide information about how details of pedestrian crashes may differ between daylight and darkness. Method: All pedestrian crashes that occurred in daylight or dark conditions in Michigan during 2004 were analyzed in terms of the variables included in the State of Michigan crash database. Additional analysis of the narratives and diagrams in police accident reports was performed for a subset of 400 of those crashes—200 sampled from daylight and 200 sampled from darkness. Results: Several differences were found that appear to be related to the characteristic asymmetry of low-beam headlamps, which (in the United States) distributes more light on the passenger's side than the driver's side of the vehicle. These results provide preliminary quantification of the how the photometric differences between the right and left sides of typical headlamps may affect pedestrian crash risk.Impact on Industry
The results suggest that efforts to provide supplemental forward vehicle lighting in turns may have safety benefits for pedestrians. 相似文献97.
98.
We study the potentially unnecessary costs imposed by strict performance standards for forest restoration of surface coal
mines in the Appalachian region under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) that can vary widely
across states. Both the unnecessary private costs to the mine operator and costs to society (social costs) are reported for
two performance standards, a ground cover requirement, and a seedling survival target. These standards are examined using
numerical analyses under a range of site productivity class and market conditions. We show that a strict (90%) ground cover
standard may produce an unnecessary private cost of more than 700/ha and a social cost ranging from700/ha and a social cost ranging from 428/ha to 710/ha, as compared with a 70 standard, may produce an unnecessary private cost of approximately710/ha, as
compared with a 70% standard. A strict tree survival standard of 1235 trees/ha, as compared with the more typical 1087 trees/ha
standard, may produce an unnecessary private cost of approximately 200/ha, and a social cost in the range of 120 to120 to 208/ha.
We conclude that strict performance standards may impose substantial unnecessary private costs and social costs, that strict
performance standards may be discouraging the choice of forestry as a post-mining land use, and that opportunities exist for
reform of reforestation performance standards. Our study provides a basis for evaluating tradeoffs between regulatory efficiency
and optimal reforestation effort. 相似文献
99.
Effects of copper and cadmium on growth,swimming and predator avoidance in Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this study we demonstrate the sensitivity of swimming behavior and predator-escape responses of nauplii of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis to sublethal doses of Cu and Cd. Behavior was generally altered at metal doses below those affecting growth rates or survival of the copepods. Swimming velocities of Cu-dosed nauplii were different from controls at all concentrations of Cu tested (10–50 g l-1 total Cu) after 24- to 48-h exposure, whereas development rate of nauplii was significantly reduced only after 96 h at 25 g l-1. The 96 h LC50 for Cu was approximately 30 g l-1 Cu. Naupliar swimming velocity was also affected by Cd. Swimming speeds were reduced after 24 h at 130 g l-1, and development was slowed after 48 h at 116 g Cd l-1. The 96-h LC50 was >120 g l-1. Little is known of the adaptive role of specific motile behaviors in the success of larval copepods. We investigated the relationship of swimming speed to predator — prey interactions of the nauplii using both real and simulated predators. Nauplii exposed to Cu for 24 h were observed to be generally hyperactive, a condition which could increase their encounter frequency with predators. Reduced numbers of escape responses of nauplii to a simulated predator, another indication of increased vulnerability to predation, were observed only after 48-h exposure to Cu. Nevertheless, feeding rates of non-dosed larval striped bass on dosed nauplii (24 h at 25 g Cu l-1) were significantly higher than on control nauplii. Feeding rates of larval mysid shrimp, however, were not higher on similarly dosed nauplii; 24 h exposure of nauplii to >30 g Cu l-1 did result in increased predation by mysids.Contribution No. 272 of the US EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA 相似文献
100.
Preferential flow path development and its influence on long-term PRB performance: column study 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Kamolpornwijit W Liang L West OR Moline GR Sullivan AB 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2003,66(3-4):161-178
The operating life of an Fe(0)-based permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is limited due to chemical reactions of Fe(0) in groundwater. The relative contributions from mineral precipitation, gas production, and microbial activity to the degradation of PRB performance have been uncertain. In this controlled field study, nitrate-rich, site groundwater was treated by Fe(0) in large-volume, flow-through columns to monitor the changes in chemical and hydraulic parameters over time. Tracer tests showed a close relationship between hydraulic residence time and pH measurements. The ionic profiles suggest that mineral precipitation and accumulation is the primary mechanism for pore clogging around the inlet of the column. Accumulated N(2) gas generated by biotic processes also affected the hydraulics although the effects were secondary to that of mineral precipitation. Quantitative estimates indicate a porosity reduction of up to 45.3% near the column inlet over 72 days of operation under accelerated flow conditions. According to this study, preferential flow through a PRB at a site with similar groundwater chemistry should be detected over approximately 1 year of operation. During the early operation of a PRB, pH is a key indicator for monitoring the change in hydraulic residence time resulting from heterogeneity development. If the surrounding native material is more conductive than the clogged Fe-media, groundwater bypass may render the PRB ineffective for treating contaminated groundwater. 相似文献