Precarious work or sustainable livelihoods? Aligning Prestea's Programme with the development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining

Alternative livelihoods programmes (ALPs) are extensively executed in mining communities, often as models of development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). This paper assesses whether Prestea's ALP aligns with the development dialogue on artisanal mining. The conceptual design of ALP in Ghana's Prestea is based on the notions of substitution, homogenous community, and impact scalability. This paper argues that the Prestea ALP is not aligned with the development dialogue on artisanal mining, and therefore it is difficult to understand the role and function of environmentally‐damaging behaviours within livelihood strategies. The paper contends that it would be appropriate to concentrate on improving the existing artisanal miners’ operation of those most susceptible to resource access restrictions. Further, it may be more prudent to utilize livelihood‐centered interventions that create strong connections with sustainable development as a way of creating regular community engagements. Additionally, this paper argues that the term for the intervention programme on artisanal mining should be replaced with the broader term ‘livelihood‐centered intervention’. The replacement of the term ‘ALP’ avoids the tacit belief that ALP can adequately replace artisanal mining operations. Livelihood‐centered intervention should not necessarily utilize alternative livelihoods as direct behavioural change instruments.     

Multilevel air quality evolution in Shenyang: Impact of elevated point emission reduction

Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pollution. We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM) concentrations from 2015 to 2018 in Shenyang, a provincial city in Northeast China. The results indicated that visibility increased with the increasing height in winter(especially at night), and decreased with height in summer(especially at the daytime). PM concentration exhibited opposite vertical variati...     

流动注射分光光度法测定水中痕量氟化物

研究并建立了测定水中痕量氟化物的氟试剂（ＡＬＣ）－流动注射分光光度法。将水样注入到水载流中,与ＡＬＣ－Ｌａ丙酮水溶液混合,在５０℃时反应生成蓝色三元络合物,在分光光度计上于波长６１８ｍｍ处进行检测。Ｆ＾－测定的线性范围为０．０４－３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ,检出限为０．０３６ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

辽河口“退塘还湿”修复区生态系统CO2交换及其环境调控

滨海湿地因其碳汇功能强大,在减缓全球气候变化中发挥着重要作用,“退塘还湿”作为近几年我国滨海湿地生态修复开展的主要形式之一,对其碳源/汇功能的研究较为匮乏.基于涡度相关技术,观测了2021年辽河口“退塘还湿”修复区CO₂通量,研究了修复区内盐沼湿地生态系统CO₂交换特征及其环境调控.结果表明,修复区净生态系统CO₂交换（NEE）平均日变化曲线在春季和秋季呈“U”型,在夏季呈“V”型,在冬季呈“一”型,其春、夏、秋和冬季的效率（以C计）分别为-40.06、-63.62、2.33和34.43 g·m^-2.修复区NEE日累积年内变化整体呈“V”型,NEE、生态系统呼吸（R_eco）和总的初级生产力（GPP）月累积差异明显.2021年修复区内光合有效辐射（PAR）是白天NEE的重要调控因子,二者呈直角双曲线关系,PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的53％;空气温度（T_a）是夜晚生态系统呼吸（R_eco,night）的主控因子,二者呈指数关系,T_a < 5.5℃时生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性（Q₁₀）为2.19,T_a可以解释R_eco,night变化的42％,T_a ≥ 5.5℃时Q₁₀为1.81,T_a可以解释R_eco,night变化的51％.另外,2021年生长季辽河口湿地修复区NEE与土壤含水量（SWC）和饱和水汽压差（VPD）均呈显著的线性负相关,而NEE与土壤温度（T_s）和相对湿度（RH）无显著相关.2021年辽河口“退塘还湿”修复区盐沼湿地表现为碳汇,总净固碳量（以C计）为-66.89 g·m^-2,其具有长期的碳增汇潜力.     

刺梨果渣生物炭对白菜产量及品质和土壤性质的影响

为探明刺梨果渣生物炭对白菜产量及品质和土壤性质的影响,实现刺梨果渣的资源化利用,通过盆栽试验设置5个生物炭施用量:0 %（CK）、1 %（T1）、3 %（T2）、5 %（T3）和7 %（T4）,研究刺梨果渣生物炭施用对白菜产量及品质和土壤性质的影响.结果表明,①施用刺梨果渣生物炭能够显著提高白菜产量及品质,在5 %生物炭施用量时效果最佳,白菜产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C、全氮、全磷和全钾含量较CK分别提升了71.51 %、40.14 %、33.65 %、38.08 %、9.03 %、28.85 %和35.38 %;②施用刺梨果渣生物炭能够显著改善土壤性质提高土壤养分含量及有效性,在5 %生物炭施用量时效果较好,土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK分别增加了41.06 %、134.84 %、157.48 %、140.79 %、341.75 %和627.13 %,有效Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量和交换性Ca、Mg含量较CK分别提高37.68 %、61.69 %、400.00 %、4 648.84 %、617.17 %和351.42 %;③施用刺梨果渣生物炭能够显著增强土壤酶活性,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶分别较CK处理提高的范围为51.43 %~362.86 %、90.63 %~134.14 %、21.40 %~85.12 %和82.92 %~218.43 %;④冗余分析表明施用刺梨果渣生物炭后,土壤有效钾、交换性钙、有机质、有效磷和有效锌等是白菜产量及品质变化的主要影响因子,与其呈显著正相关关系.综上所述,施用刺梨果渣生物炭可以显著提高白菜产量及品质,改善土壤性质,将刺梨果渣制备成生物炭可以为刺梨果渣资源化合理利用提供理论参考.     

The relationship between managerial motivation,leadership, nurse outcomes and patient satisfaction

This ex‐post facto/correlational study examines the relationships among the following variables: nurse manager motivation for power, achievement and affiliation (N=19), managerial leadership behaviors, staff nurse outcomes of job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment (N=221) and patient satisfaction (N=299). Results show that managerial motivation for power is negatively correlated with manager use of leadership behaviors and staff nurse job satisfaction but positively correlated with patient satisfaction. Managerial motivation for achievement is positively correlated with use of leadership behaviors as well as nurse job satisfaction, productivity and organizational commitment, and generally to patient satisfaction. Managerial motivation for affiliation reveals few significant positive or negative relationships with other variables. The researcher concludes that both power and achievement motivation of the manager influence staff and patient outcomes in health care in the 1990s. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potential moderating influence of career growth opportunities on careerist orientation and work attitudes: evidence of the protean career era in Singapore

The emerging transactional or protean employment contract appears to have precipitated the development of a careerist orientation on the part of employees. This study examined the generalizability of the construct in a collectivist culture and the potential moderating influence of career growth opportunities on the careerist orientation–work attitude relationships. The results tend to support the generalizability of careerist orientation across cultures and, importantly, showed an absence of a moderating influence for career growth opportunities, suggesting that organizations cannot effectively counter the negative effects of careerist orientation on work attitudes. Limitations of the study, directions for future research, and implication of the findings for organizational dependence on employees as a competitive resource are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Political behaviors as moderators of the perceptions of organizational politics—work outcomes relationships

This study investigates the complexities involved in the relationships between perceptions of politics and work outcomes by examining the effects of political behavior on that relationship. More specifically, we suggest that political behavior may serve as a form of control or as a mechanism for coping with highly political organizational environments perceived by individuals to be aversive. As such, we propose moderating roles of self‐promotion and ingratiation on the relationships between perceptions of politics and the work outcomes of satisfaction with job in general, satisfaction with supervision, and intent to leave. It was hypothesized that increased exercise of self‐promotion and ingratiation behaviors would mitigate the negative effects of perceptions of organizational politics on those specific outcomes. Hypotheses were supported for the proposed relationships between self‐promotion and two of the work outcomes: satisfaction with supervision and intent to leave. Significant effects were also found for ingratiation; however, they were opposite to those proposed for the perceptions of organizational politics–intent to leave relationship. Implications of results and areas for future research are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微电解—芬顿氧化工艺预处理高浓度松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水

为了降低松香改性酚醛树脂生产废水的COD并改善其可生化性,采用微电解—芬顿氧化工艺对该废水进行预处理。研究了pH、微电解反应时间、曝气、双氧水投加量等对微电解和芬顿氧化处理效果的影响,考察了COD去除率和BOD₅/COD值的变化趋势。实验结果表明：曝气条件下,调节废水pH为4、进行2次微电解、微电解反应时间各2.0 h时,废水的COD去除率为38%,BOD₅/COD值提高为0.18;再投加7.5%（w）的双氧水,废水的COD去除率为65.3%,BOD₅/COD值为0.37。采用微电解—芬顿氧化的预处理工艺,不仅有效去除了废水的COD,而且显著改善了废水的可生化性。     

生态足迹方法在县级城市的运用--以成都市龙泉驿区为例

本文以成都市1999年和2003年统计年鉴和龙泉驿区统计年鉴1998年和2003年的数据为依据,采用生态足迹的方法,对龙泉驿区1998年和2003年的可持续发展性进行定量评价,通过计算和分析,结果表明龙泉驿区1998年和2003年人均生态足迹均为赤字,且2003年比1998年的生态足迹赤字更为加剧,这反映出人类的生产、生活强度超过了生态系统的承载能力,此区域生态系统处于过度开发利用和压力之下,随着经济的发展,人口的增加,这种趋势还在继续加大.