南极拉森北部冰架表面物质损失机制探讨

基于解密航片、光学遥感影像以及卫星雷达测高数据,完成一个较长时间序列的拉森A和B冰架的范围及表面高程变化监测.在此基础上,结合NCEP/NCAR夏季逐月平均气温数据和GPCP全球降水数据这两种气象数据来探讨拉森北部冰架表面物质平衡机制.结果表明：随着气温的升高,拉森A和B冰架自1968年以来总共消失了14 000km²的浮冰.当前,拉森A冰架已经完全消失,拉森B冰架仅存2 000km².伴随着冰架的持续崩塌与退缩,拉森北部冰架展现出高程持续降低的趋势,而且拉森A冰架的降低速度（-0.45m/a）明显高于拉森B冰架（-0.09m/a）.作为冰架表面物质平衡估算的两个主要参数,拉森A冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.16℃升高到近期的0.84℃;拉森B冰架的夏季平均气温从1968年的0.04℃升高到近期的0.66℃.过去几十年的降水量变化对拉森北部冰架表面物质累积产生的影响很小,反倒是夏季温暖的降雨进一步加剧该地区的表面物质负平衡.对于持续崩塌与退缩型的拉森北部冰架来说,其高程降低除了受到冰架表面冰雪融化与再凝结导致的积雪致密化驱动外,还受到冰架后退导致的背向应力减少,进而导致的冰架物质输送加快的深刻影响.总之,在全球气候变暖的背景下,拉森A和B冰架的表面物质体现出越来越明显的负平衡趋势.     

FOREST HYDROLOGY ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: A CONSULTANT'S VIEWPOINT1

ABSTRACT: Forest hydrology should be a mature science with routine use of hydrological procedures to evaluate the effect of past, current and proposed harvesting practices on water resources. It is not. However, water users are pressuring forest managers to exercise their role in managing forested watersheds for water supply. Most forest managers are poorly equipped to carry out this role. Forestry schools need to ensure that their graduates, whether employed in forest management positions or as specialists in watershed management, understand that all forestry operations may affect instream or downstream water users. Specialists in forest hydrology should be fully aware of the following: (1) climate and watershed characteristics influence streamflow in separate ways; (2) forestry practices produce changes in water yield and quality, and that only these changes need to be evaluated to estimate their effects; (3) watershed storage is a critical factor in evaluating the effects of harvesting on streamflow; and (4) the effect of harvest on one watershed cannot be extrapolated to another without consideration of the processes affected. Research is needed to assist watershed managers in applying models to watersheds for which climate and streamflow data are insufficient. Research is also needed to incorporate climate, streamflow and other data for hydrological models into geographic information systems. Joint research projects are needed to develop physical relationships between stream channel characteristics of importance to fisheries biologists and streamflow characteristics affected by forest harvest.     

大肠杆菌JM105中硝酸盐还原酶的制备及其性质

近年来,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的污染已引起普遍关注。目前,蔬菜和粮食的NO3-含量过高主要由于农药和化肥的使用、工业废水或生活污水灌溉等,食品类主要来自腌制食品和食品添加剂或防腐剂等。另外,向乳制品或食品中参碱、食盐、化肥、脏水、碱性水等也是硝酸盐污染的来源之一。因此,迫切需要快速、简便、可用于现场的硝酸盐检测方法。这就需仰赖生物酶方法,而生物酶方法的关键是酶制剂的制备和检测方法的建立。本研究通过筛选、厌氧和硝酸盐诱导培养、超声波细胞破碎和差速离心提取等方法,从大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)JM105细胞膜中制备了硝酸盐还原酶并对其性质进行了研究。结果表明:从大肠杆菌JM105中制得的酶制剂活力很高,且在酶过量的情况下可将NO3-完全转化为NO2-,在用磷酸缓冲液清洗并冷冻保藏过夜后不含有亚硝酸盐还原酶。在加入黄素单核苷酸辅酶(FMN)后,该酶的活力可提高64%,比活力达0.42U·mg-1蛋白。该酶十分稳定,在40℃下24h活力无影响,在浓度为1mmol·L-1的Cu2 、Fe3 、Ca2 、Zn2 、Mg2 和Mo6 存在下,其活力亦不改变。因此,该酶可用于测定食品、蔬菜和环境中硝酸盐的含量。     

Endogenous swimming rhythms of blue crab, Callinectes sapidus , megalopae: effects of offshore and estuarine cues

Larvae of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun develop on the continental shelf. The postlarval stage (megalopa) occurs near the surface and is transported shoreward by wind-driven surface currents. It then uses selective tidal stream transport for migration up an estuary. Endogenous swimming rhythms were measured under constant dark conditions in the laboratory in megalopae collected from the Newport River Estuary (North Carolina), the Delaware Bay, and offshore from the Newport River Estuary. Megalopae from all areas had a similar circadian activity rhythm, in which they swam during the time of the day phase in the field and were inactive at night. This rhythm predicts the presence of a reverse, diel, vertical-migration pattern offshore which would contribute to the location of megalopae near the surface during the day. The rhythm lacks obvious ecological significance in estuaries because it does not contribute to selective tidal stream transport and would increase vulnerability to visual predators during the day. Attempts to entrain a circatidal rhythm in swimming by cyclic and step changes in salinity were unsuccessful, as the circadian rhythm persisted. The rhythm also continued in the presence of the eelgrass Zostera marina, which is a site of settlement and metamorphosis in the field. Thus, megalopae enter estuaries with a solar day rhythm in activity. This rhythm, however, is not expressed, because light inhibits swimming during the day upon exposure to estuarine water. Since this light inhibition is removed in offshore waters, the rhythm would be expressed if, after entering an estuary, megalopae were transported back to offshore areas. Received: 19 December 1995 / Accepted: 2 August 1996     

漳州古雷“4·6”事故居民疏散行为调查及相关性研究

为研究危化品爆炸事故应急处置过程中,事故地点周边居民疏散行为及心理特征,设计预疏散、疏散、返程3个阶段对漳州古雷“4·6”事故居民的行为反应进行问卷调查,运用皮尔逊卡方检验对问卷调查统计结果进行相关性分析,得出40组存在显著相关性的变量组,选取20组典型变量组进行分析。研究结果表明:高学历人群和有疏散经历的人群在疏散中表现的更冷静并且传递信息的意识更强;口头通知在众多疏散通知方式中对疏散的效果最好;有异常感知的人群在疏散中惯性行为更明显,耐心更差;性别和家庭人口数量差异对于人群的疏散行为的影响并不显著。     

生物炭对城郊农业土壤镉有效性及镉形态的影响

为探索生物炭对镉污染土壤的钝化效果,采用室内培养的方法,研究了低镉(镉含量1.86 mg/kg)及高镉(镉含量6.55mg/kg)土壤条件下生物炭对土壤有效态镉及不同形态镉分布的影响。研究结果表明:至培养末期,添加生物炭显著降低了2种镉条件下土壤有效态镉含量,低镉及高镉条件下降幅分别达到4.31%和6.82%。生物炭添加对短期及较长期内不同形态镉含量均会产生影响。在培养初期,2种镉条件下添加生物炭均使可交换态镉含量显著下降(P0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态镉及残渣态镉含量上升,且后者上升显著(P0.05)。在培养末期,生物炭的添加减少了2种镉条件下可交换态和有机物及硫化物结合态镉含量,提高了碳酸盐结合态及残渣态镉含量,且低镉条件下各形态镉含量的变化均有显著差异。该实验数据表明,生物炭与土壤的有效结合降低了重金属镉的有效态含量,其迁移性和生物有效性得以控制,生物炭对土壤重金属镉具有显著的钝化作用,在土壤重金属镉污染治理方面有着巨大潜力。     

南海东北部间隙水营养盐的空间分布及其交换通量

为探究南海东北部沉积物间隙水中生源要素的分布规律及其对海洋生态环境的影响,于2014年10月至11月秋季,对南海东北部海区5个站位的沉积物间隙水中营养盐的含量及其空间分布进行现场采样分析。结果发现,沉积物间隙水中NH₄-N、NO₃-N、NO₂-N、PO₄-P、SiO₃-Si的平均含量分别为:25.20、11.62、3.05、7.42、305.8μmol/L。其中SiO₃-Si和NH₄-N是沉积物间隙水中含量最大的两种组分,且NH₄-N占无机氮的比例为57.4%~75.1%,是溶解无机氮的主要成分。通过实验室培养对沉积物-水界面营养盐的交换通量进行估算,估算的营养盐NH₄-N、NO₃-N、NO₂-N、PO₄-P的平均交换通量分别为:8.34、1.89、-0.89、0.41μmol/m2/d。整体上沉积物作为NH₄-N、NO₃-N和PO₄-P的源,不断地向上覆水释放营养物质,对南海东北部海区浮游植物生长繁殖及生产力的发展具有重要意义;初步探讨了早期成岩过程中营养盐的地球化学行为,对沉积物中营养盐的积累和输运进行了探究。     

加载絮凝与PFS+PAM絮凝处理含氟废水对比试验研究

采用小试对配制的4种质量浓度(低、中低、中高和高质量浓度)含氟废水进行了加载絮凝与聚合硫酸铁(PFS)+聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)二段絮凝对比试验研究。根据对出水上清液的氟质量浓度、总铅质量浓度、浊度及污泥含水率的分析,综合评价了两种工艺处理性能。结果表明,加载絮凝工艺对4种质量浓度含氟废水的各项净水效能均优于PFS+PAM二段絮凝,且在相同PFS投加量下,加载絮凝工艺产生的污泥含水率更低。     

建筑拆除垃圾应用于水泥混合材的试验研究

选用赣州地区20世纪90年代建成的现已达到拆除期限的建筑物的废弃混凝土和废弃粘土砖,分析了其化学组分和矿物组分,然后通过不同建筑垃圾掺量混合材试验、活性激发试验以及复合混合材试验。结果表明,掺适量建筑垃圾可有效提高水泥的早期强度;添加Ca O能够激发废弃混凝土活性,可达81%,可提高废弃粘土砖活性39.58%;废弃混凝土和废弃粘土砖相互抑制了彼此活性,不宜混合回用。建议建筑垃圾必须分类和活性激发,有利于提高建筑垃圾水泥的强度。     

用环境同位素研究灰场灰水对周围地下水的影响

应用环境同位素理论,根据燃煤火电厂灰场灰水中的氢、氧、硫同位素与天然地下水中的氢、氧、硫同位素存在的差异,建立了鉴别天然地下水和灰水的方法,并研究了灰场灰水对周围地下水的影响程度、范围和主要途径,为今后开展灰场对周围地下水影响的研究,确定地下水是否受到污染,提供了一条新的研究途径.