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51.
Microbial transformation of dissolved organic matter from different sources and its influence on disinfection byproduct formation potentials 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Jin Hur Mi-Hee Lee Hocheol Song Mark A. Schlatman 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(6):4176-4187
Biodegradation-induced changes in the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the subsequent effects on disinfection byproduct formation potentials (DBPFPs) were investigated using six different sources of DOM (algae, leaf litter, reed, compost, paddy water, and treated municipal sewage effluent). Microbial incubation of the DOM samples increased the specific ultraviolet absorbance and humic-like fluorescence but decreased the protein/tannin-like fluorescence and relative distribution of smaller-sized DOM components. Comparison of the original versus biodegraded DOM samples using resin fractionation and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that the biodegradation-induced changes were highly dependent on DOM sources and exhibited no consistent trends among the different sources. Changes in DBPFPs also differed with DOM source. Vascular plant-derived DOM (leaf litter and reed) demonstrated an enhancement in specific DBPFP after biodegradation, whereas little change or even a slight decrease was observed for the other DOM sources. Correlations that were significant between specific DBPFPs and the aromatic content or humic-like fluorescence for the original DOM samples were no longer significant after microbial degradation. The relative abundance of hydrophobic to hydrophilic structures in DOM is suggested to be a general indicator for the formation potential of trihalomethanes irrespective of DOM source and the state of biodegradation. 相似文献
52.
Facultative anaerobic Shewanella sp. strain HN-41 was able to utilize selenite (Se(IV)) as a sole electron acceptor for respiration in anaerobic condition, resulting in reduction of Se(IV) and then precipitation of elemental Se nano-sized spherical particles, which were identified using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy. When the effects on Se(IV) reduction to elemental Se were studied by varying incubation temperatures and dissolved oxygen contents, Se(IV) reduction occurred more actively with higher removal rate of Se(IV) in aqueous phase and well-shaped spherical Se(0) nanoparticles were formed from the incubations under N(2) (100%) or N(2):O(2) (80%:20%) at 30 degrees C with average diameter values of 181+/-40 nm and 164+/-24 nm, respectively, while relatively less amounts of irregular-shaped Se(0) nanoparticles were produced with negligible amount of Se(IV) reduction and removal under 100% of O(2). The Se particle size distributions based on scanning electron microscopy also showed a general tendency towards decreased Se particle size as oxygen content increased, whereas the particle size seemed uncorrelated to the change in the incubation temperature. These results also suggest that the size-controlled biological Se(0) nanospheres production may be achieved simply by changing the culture conditions. 相似文献
53.
A phosphate complexation model is developed, in an attempt to understand the mechanistic basis of chemically mediated phosphate removal. The model presented here is based on geochemical reaction modeling techniques and uses known surface reactions possible on hydrous ferric oxide (HFO). The types of surface reactions and their reaction stoichiometry and binding energies (logK values) are taken from literature models of phosphate interactions with iron oxides. The most important modeling parameter is the proportionality of converting moles of precipitated HFO to reactive site density. For well-mixed systems and phosphate exposed to ferric chloride during HFO precipitation, there is a phosphate capacity of 1.18 phosphate ions per iron atom. In poorly mixed systems with phosphate exposed to iron after HFO formation, the capacity decreased to 25% of the well-mixed value. The same surface complexation model can describe multiple data sets, by varying only a single parameter proportional to the availability of reactive oxygen functional groups. This reflects the unavailability of reactive oxygen groups to bind phosphate. Electron microscope images and dye adsorption experiments demonstrate changes in reactive surface area with aging of HFO particles. Engineering implications of the model/mechanism are highlighted. 相似文献
54.
Wojnárovits László Takács Erzsébet 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(31):41552-41575
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Natural waters, water droplets in the air at coastal regions and wastewaters usually contain chloride ions (Cl-) in relatively high concentrations in... 相似文献
55.
Derrien Morgane Lee Yun Kyung Park Jae-Eun Li Penghui Chen Meilian Lee Sang Hee Lee Soo Hyung Lee Jun-Bae Hur Jin 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(20):16933-16945
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Optical properties and molecular composition of humic substances (HS) can provide valuable information on the sources and the history of the... 相似文献
56.
In contrast to extensive studies of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in natural lakes, the distributions and the characteristics of DOM in artificial dam reservoirs have not been well documented despite a growing demand for the construction worldwide. For this study, spatial variations in the concentrations and the characteristics of DOM in Lake Paldang, a large river-type dam reservoir, were investigated using the concentrations, the specific UV absorbance (SUVA), the synchronous fluorescence spectra and the molecular weight (MW(w)) values. In addition, environmental factors determining the DOM spatial distribution were examined based on a principal component analysis (PCA). Variations in the DOM characteristics were greater than those for the concentrations (1.1-2.4 mg C/L). In contrast to typical lakes, vertical variations with a depth were much smaller than those observed among horizontal sampling sites within the reservoir. Irrespective of the depth, four individual sampling locations were easily distinguished by comparison of some selected DOM characteristics. The protein-like fluorescence (PLF), MW(w) and SUVA values observed at the location near the dam exceeded the corresponding values for the sampling locations near major influent rivers, suggesting that, even for the river-type dam reservoir, the downstream DOM characteristics may be governed by in-lake DOM production processes such as the release from sediments and algal activities. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that approximately 61% of the variance in DOM distribution might be explained by allochthonous/autochthonous carbon sources and predominant presence of either total nitrogen or total phosphorous over the other. 相似文献
57.
Ecosystems with alternative stable states (ASS) may shift discontinuously from one stable state to another as environmental parameters cross a threshold. Reversal can then be difficult due to hysteresis effects. This contrasts with continuous state changes in response to changing environmental parameters, which are less difficult to reverse. Worldwide degradation of coral reefs, involving "phase shifts" from coral to algal dominance, highlights the pressing need to determine the likelihood of discontinuous phase shifts in coral reefs, in contrast to continuous shifts with no ASS. However, there is little evidence either for or against the existence of ASS for coral reefs. We use dynamic models to investigate the likelihood of continuous and discontinuous phase shifts in coral reefs subject to sustained environmental perturbation by fishing, nutrification, and sedimentation. Our modeling results suggest that coral reefs with or without anthropogenic stress can exhibit ASS, such that discontinuous phase shifts can occur. We also find evidence to support the view that high macroalgal growth rates and low grazing rates on macroalgae favor ASS in coral reefs. Further, our results suggest that the three stressors studied, either alone or in combination, can increase the likelihood of both continuous and discontinuous phase shifts by altering the competitive balance between corals and algae. However, in contrast to continuous phase shifts, we find that discontinuous shifts occur only in model coral reefs with parameter values near the extremes of their empirically determined ranges. This suggests that continuous shifts are more likely than discontinuous shifts in coral reefs. Our results also suggest that, for ecosystems in general, tackling multiple human stressors simultaneously maximizes resilience to phase shifts, ASS, and hysteresis, leading to improvements in ecosystem health and functioning. 相似文献
58.
Kwang-beom Hur Sang-kyu Rhim Jung-keuk Park 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2009,22(6):1003-1009
As the increase of energy demand, the emission of CO2 is also likely to increase by at least the same amount because energy supply will be based on fossil fuels, which is more apparent in a number of developing countries. With the total global energy environment and rapid increase of domestic and foreign demand, renewable energy is the inevitable energy source for the future. In this context, the micro gas turbines (MGTs) by using bio-energy is being considered as a promising solution. In order to develop the real plant system of those technologies such as 60 kW-class micro gas turbine by using swine biogas, we finished the optimal design and construction for a biomass fueled MGT system. This paper consists of 1) MGT system design for swine bio gas 2) material evaluation for bio gas piping 3) computational fluid dynamics analysis for bio gas sulfur removal tower and sulfur absorption filter 4) the fundamental modeling using manufacturer's technical specifications and performance simulation by PEPSE-GT 5) field test and application of bio gas micro gas turbine. Finally, I established to set up the top-notched distributed power system design and optimal application. 相似文献
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