土中水平渗流AHFO方法监测试验研究

土中的水平渗流影响着土体的结构强度,受测试技术的限制,目前还缺少有效的手段对其水平运移规律精确测定。采用基于分布式测温技术(DTS)的主动加热光纤法(AHFO),设计室内模型试验,测试土中一维水平渗流过程中含水率的变化,拟合了渗流时间与湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量以及入渗率之间的关系,并对测试结果进行了评价。结果表明:利用AHFO可对任一时刻的湿润锋位置进行准确定位,湿润锋水平向运移距离与时间的关系满足Green-Ampt模型;利用AHFO法所测水平向含水率分布积分所得的累积渗入量与量筒所测实际加水量之间具有很好的一致性,累积渗入量与时间对数呈线性关系;入渗速率随着时间增长逐渐减小,与入渗时间平方根间可用一反比例函数描述。     

微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响研究

为探讨微塑料对双齿围沙蚕生理代谢的影响,本文研究了聚丙烯(PP)、聚酰胺(PA)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)3种微塑料在不同浓度(0.1％、1％和5％)和暴露时间下对双齿围沙蚕体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性以及代谢指标排氨率和呼吸速率的影响.结果表明,随微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性显著提升,5％浓度下双齿围沙蚕体内CAT活性最高;PVC对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE活性表现为低浓度(0.1％)抑制、高浓度(5％)促进的作用;PP和PA在不同浓度下对双齿围沙蚕体内AchE酶活性均表现为促进作用;随着微塑料浓度的升高,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率和呼吸速率显著升高(P<0.05).综上,微塑料在高浓度条件下,在一定时间内可以对双齿围沙蚕产生氧化胁迫作用,并一定程度上影响其排氨率和呼吸速率.     

Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs)-associated protobiofilm: A neglected contributor to biofouling during membrane filtration

• Bacteria could easily and quickly attached onto TEP to form protobiofilms. • TEP-protobiofilm facilitate the transport of bacteria to membrane surface. • More significant flux decline was observed in the presence of TEP-protobiofilms. • Membrane fouling shows higher sensitivity to protobiofilm not to bacteria level. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are a class of transparent gel-like polysaccharides, which have been widely detected in almost every kind of feed water to membrane systems, including freshwater, seawater and wastewater. Although TEP have been thought to be related to the membrane fouling, little information is currently available for their influential mechanisms and the pertinence to biofouling development. The present study, thus, aims to explore the impact of TEPs on biofouling development during ultrafiltration. TEP samples were inoculated with bacteria for several hours before filtration and the formation of “protobiofilm” (pre-colonized TEP by bacteria) was examined and its influence on biofouling was determined. It was observed that the bacteria can easily and quickly attach onto TEPs and form protobiofilms. Ultrafiltration experiments further revealed that TEP-protobiofilms served as carriers which facilitated and accelerated transport of bacteria to membrane surface, leading to rapid development of biofouling on the ultrafiltration membrane surfaces. Moreover, compared to the feed water containing independent bacteria and TEPs, more flux decline was observed with TEP-protobiofilms. Consequently, it appeared from this study that TEP-protobiofilms play a vital role in the development of membrane biofouling, but unfortunately, this phenomenon has been often overlooked in the literature. Obviously, these findings in turn may also challenge the current understanding of organic fouling and biofouling as membrane fouling caused by TEP-protobiofilm is a combination of both. It is expected that this study might promote further research in general membrane fouling mechanisms and the development of an effective mitigation strategy.     

Inhibition character of crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater on biological acidification

• The inhibition of the main organic pollutions in CMW was demonstrated. • Variations of AK and BK showed a high correlation with the SAA of Ac and n-Bu. • The inhibitory degree was in the order of Ac>n-Bu for individual toxicants. • Biodegradation products of the main toxicants were analyzed. This work aims to investigate the inhibitory effect of crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater (CMW) on biological acidification. To reveal the inhibitory effect of wastewater to the anaerobic granular sludge (AnGS), variations of the specific acidogenic activity (SAA) and activities of key enzymes were investigated. The results indicated that the dosage of CMW causing a 50% effect concentration (EC₅₀) on the activity of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) production was 380 mg COD/g VSS. The inhibitory effect of individual toxicants in CMW on the activity of TVFA production were in the order of crotonaldehyde>ethyl sorbate>(E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, and their inhibitory degrees on individual VFA products were acetic acid (Ac)>n-butyric acid (n-Bu), which could correspond to the variations in the activities of acetate kinase (AK) and butyrate kinase (BK). Furthermore, the combined effect of three toxicants on the activity of TVFA production was significantly higher than that of any individual toxicant, and the contribution of the relative toxicity to CMW was 77.27%. Additionally, the biodegradation products of the main toxicants indicated that the removal of crotonaldehyde and (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal was primarily due to the hydrogenation of alkene and aldehyde and the oxidation of aldehyde. Nevertheless, the removal of ethyl sorbate was primarily based on adsorption. In conclusion, biological acidification has a limited ability to treatment CMW, therefore, a further pretreatment technology should be used to remove the main toxicant of wastewater.     

兰西城市群县域土地利用效率时空差异研究

在考虑绿色发展内涵的基础上,运用SBM-Undesirable模型测度了2006—2018年兰西城市群县域土地利用效率值,并采用泰尔指数、空间自相关方法揭示其时空差异特征。结果表明:①2006—2018年兰西城市群县域土地利用效率稳步提升,区域差异先扩大后缩小。②兰西城市群县域土地利用效率呈现“中部高—外围低、西高东低、南北分异”的空间差异规律,两省域呈现“西—东”的递减规律。③兰西城市群县域土地利用效率空间集聚特征显著,局部范畴上高—高集聚区在中部地区较为典型,低—低集聚区出现由东南向西南的扩散现象。     

2019年扬州市公共场所健康危害因素监测结果分析

为了提升扬州市公共场所卫生状况和传染病防控能力,按照国家标准于2019年对扬州市宾馆(酒店)类、沐浴类、理发店类、美容店类和候车室类5类公共场所的健康危害因素(空气质量和公共用品用具)进行监测,按照《公共场所卫生指标及限值要求》(GB 37488—2019)进行评价。结果表明,共监测空气质量样品216份,合格率为84.26%,共监测公共用品用具1 414份,合格率为96.46%,不同场所的空气质量合格率和公共用品用具微生物指标合格率差异均具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。不同类型公共用品用具监测项目中,金黄色葡萄球菌的合格率最高(100%),而真菌总数的合格率最低(93.75%)。各类公共用品用具中,拖鞋合格率最低(91.67%),床单相对较高(99.70%)。扬州市公共卫生状况总体良好,在空气质量监测中,物理项目和微生物项目合格率较低,在公共用品用具监测中,细菌总数和大肠菌群存在不合格现象。     

苏州古城区域河道碳氮磷类污染物的分布特征

苏州是水质型缺水城市,节水、减排、控源和截污等工程实施后,水质问题依然严峻.为了解苏州古城区域河道中碳氮磷类污染物的总量及分布特征,提出河道疏浚决策依据,于2019年春季在苏州古城区域采集了20个代表性断面的河道底泥和水体样品,测定了河道底泥的深度,分析了河道底泥和水体样品中碳氮磷类污染指标的含量,评价了河道底泥和水体的污染程度,并预测了换水、引水、降雨和疏浚情境下水质的变化.结果表明,苏州古城区域河道底泥深度在22~1025 mm之间（均值为266 mm）,底泥总质量约为5.2×10⁵ t.底泥中总有机碳、总氮、氨氮、总磷和有效磷平均含量分别为3.4%、2074 mg·kg^-1、140.2 mg·kg^-1、1765 mg·kg^-1和57.2 mg·kg^-1,属中度污染,总磷含量超标点超过90%,环城河污染程度最高,建议优先疏浚.水体中总有机碳、生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮、氨氮、凯氏氮、总磷和磷酸盐平均浓度分别为7.8、0.6、13.1、2.5、0.643、1.3、0.18和0.09 mg·L^-1,属重度污染,为劣V类地表水,总氮浓度严重超标.基于沿程碳氮磷类污染物总量的分布情况,苏州古城区域河道疏浚推荐顺序为环城河、古城北部河道、干将河和古城南部河道.降雨情景下,初期径流污染物浓度高,将导致河道水质急剧下降;换水和引水情境下水中总氮总量均减少0.2 t,完全疏浚后水中总氮总量分别进一步减少4.58 t和2.19 t.底泥磷以外源输入为主,可受纳部分水体中的磷,故疏浚后,水体中总磷总量可能增加.     

兰-白城市群主要大气污染物网格化排放清单及来源贡献

甘肃兰-白城市群为我国西北地区重要的重工业基地,大气污染物排放总量较大.研究高空间分辨率的污染物排放清单对于区域空气质量预报预警、减排方案模拟研究及大气污染防治等具有重要的科学意义.本文以兰州和白银为主要研究区域,基于研究区域污染源排放及统计年鉴等数据资料,建立了兰（2015年）-白（2016年）城市群7种（类）主要大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其空间排放特征以及排放源贡献进行了详尽地讨论分析.结果表明,兰-白城市群7种主要污染物年排放量分别为：NO_x 2.22×10⁵ t、NH₃ 4.53×10⁴ t、VOCs 7.74×10⁴ t、CO 5.62×10⁵ t、PM₁₀ 4.95×10⁵ t、PM_2.5 1.91×10⁵ t和SO₂ 1.37×10⁵ t.其中CO的排放量最大,NH₃的排放量最小.本清单与北大和清华MEIC清单对比结果表明,交通源排放3个清单一致性较高,CO排放总量和其工业源排放与北大和清华MEIC清单排放源相差30%~40%,推测原因主要为清单计算过程中排放因子、分辨率和数据年份的差异.本清单网格化空间分布显示除NH₃外的其他6种（类）污染物,排放主要集中在市区,排放源中工业非燃烧过程源均为最大贡献占比,NH₃的主要贡献源是氮肥的施用及禽畜排放,其污染分布受耕地分布等因素影响较大.因此,减少工业非燃烧过程源、整合优质高效电力供应、使用清洁能源、严格控制工地扬尘、工业粉尘和做好城区绿化等,能有效地降低兰-白城市群NO_x、VOCs、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂这6种（类）主要污染物的排放.NH₃的减排则主要可从控制氮肥的使用及减少禽畜排放两方面考虑.本研究还利用蒙特卡洛法分析了排放清单的不确定性,NH₃的不确定性最大为-31%~30%,CO的不确定性最小为-18%~16%,清单整体可信度较高.     

面向管理的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系构建研究

目前国内关于海洋修复工程的考核研究多为修复工程的生态效果考核,极少包含成本效益考核,以致无法比较和分析不同类型、不同规模的海洋修复工程的生态绩效,不利于海洋修复工程的考核和验收管理。根据当前自然资源部实施“蓝色海湾”等整治修复工程的检查验收管理的新需求,本文构建了基于海洋生态系统健康恢复、生态系统服务价值增长和单位成本生态效益等理论的海洋修复工程生态绩效考核指标体系。此外,本文以温州海域2014—2016年海洋修复的生态绩效的考核为例,结合考核结果以及直接相关性、独立性、可测量性和业务化等指标选取原则,对指标体系进行了改进。结果表明本指标体系可以在海洋修复工程的检查验收中被用于生态绩效考核,管理部门可根据海洋修复工程的类型和管理需求,有选择性地采纳部分或全部指标进行考核。     

滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术研究进展∗

滑坡在我国分布范围广、发生频率高,严重威胁人民的生命财产安全和国家重大工程建设及其长期运营.为减轻滑坡地质灾害,实现防灾减灾救灾效益最大化,亟需开发更有效的滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术.对滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的研究现状进行系统总结,包括应急抢险技术、应急治理技术、特殊工程应急处置技术和应急监测预警技术,指出当前存在的主要问题和进一步发展方向,以期推动我国滑坡地质灾害应急处置技术的快速发展和行业工作的规范化,为防灾减灾救灾工作提供有益参考.