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301.
Katherine?P.?Gill Ellen?van?Wilgenburg Peter?Taylor Mark?A.?ElgarEmail author 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2012,99(3):245-248
Social insect colonies exhibit highly coordinated responses to ecological challenges by acquiring information that is disseminated
throughout the colony. Some responses are coordinated directly from the signals produced by individuals that acquired the
information. Other responses may require information to be transferred indirectly through a third party, thereby requiring
colony-wide retention of information. Social insects use colony signature odours to distinguish between nestmates and non-nestmates,
and the level of aggression between non-nestmates typically varies according to the distance between colonies and thus their
history of interactions. Such coordinated, colony-specific responses may require information about particular odours to be
disseminated and retained across the colony. Our field experiments with weaver ants reveal colony-wide, indirect acquisition
and retention of the signature odours of a different colony with which they had experienced aggression. These data highlight
the significance of interaction history and suggest the presence of a collective memory. 相似文献
302.
Heather Henson-Ramsey Jay Levine Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf Sharon K. Taylor Damian Shea Michael K. Stoskopf 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(3):411-418
A simple and dynamic pharmacokinetic model was developed to predict bioconcentration of organic contaminants in earthworms.
The model was parameterized experimentally by placing Lumbricus terrestris in soil contaminated with 200 μg/cm2 of malathion. The toxicokinetics of malathion uptake, depuration, and degradation in soil is measured. After parameterization,
the model was able to accurately predict the bioconcentration factor of malathion at steady state. Sensitivity analyses were
performed and the rate of absorption was determined to be the most sensitive parameter. Varying the rate of malathion elimination
from earthworm tissues, malathion degradation, and the amount of malathion applied to the soil by 25-fold did not result in
the bioconcentration of malathion. An increase in the rate of malathion absorption into earthworm tissues by 25-fold did result
in bioconcentration. Previously published pharmacokinetic studies on xenobiotics with log K
ow values ranging up to 8.05 were used to test the predictive capacity of the model. The model was able to predict from 83%
to 105% of the experimentally derived bioconcentration factors. 相似文献
303.
Fine-scale movement patterns in penaeid prawns are rarely observed in situ, but are essential in understanding habitat use,
foraging, and anti-predator behaviour. Acoustic telemetry was applied to examine the activity, space utilization, and habitat
use of the eastern king prawn Penaeus (Melicertus) plebejus, at small temporal and spatial scales. Tracking of sub-adult P. plebejus (n = 9) in Wallagoot Lake (36.789°S, 149.959°E; 23 April–12 May 2009) and calculation of a minimum activity index (MAI) revealed high variation in activity rates across diel periods and in different habitats. Elevated activity rates and movement
indicated foraging in unvegetated habitats during the night. Areas within the 95 and 50% space utilization contours averaged
2,654.1 ± 502.0 and 379.9 ± 103.9 m2, respectively, and there was a significant negative relationship between these areas and prawn activity rates in unvegetated
habitats. This study provides the first estimates of prawn activity rates and space utilization in the field. Application
of acoustic telemetry can increase knowledge of prawn movements and their interactions with other marine species in different
habitats. 相似文献
304.
J. O. Ivie M. D. Thomas O. C. Taylor C. Ray Thompson W. M. Dugger JR. B. L. Richards 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):355-359
A discussion of the methods used to determine the most economic design of chimney for a new thermal power station or large industrial plant is presented, with the objective that ground level concentration of pollutants will be kept at a minimum. Attention is paid to the geography and climatology of the site, with special reference to the frequency and height of inversions and the prevailing wind direction and speed. A method is illustrated in using a large thermal power station as an example. The maximum sulfur dioxide concentrations at ground level are computed for several chimney heights and gas exit velocities. The values of these sulfur dioxide concentrations, the capital cost of the chimney, the pumping costs, and the gas pressures within the chimney are considered in selecting a suitable chimney height and a gas exit velocity which will meet most economically the stated objective. The paper deals primarily with chimneys for industrial or power boiler plant of maximum continuous rating greater than 450 million Btu/hr (about 450,000 lbs of steam/hr), or to chimneys serving furnaces burning fuel at a maximum rate greater than 50,000 lbs/hr of coal, or 80,000 lbs/hr of oil. For chimneys serving plant with smaller heat inputs, chimney selection by reference to Clean Air Act 1956, Memorandum on Chimney Heights is suggested. 相似文献
305.
T. Knowles M. J. Leng M. Williams P. D. Taylor H. J. Sloane B. Okamura 《Marine Biology》2010,157(6):1171-1180
This is the first investigation of how two independent proxies for seawater temperature inference (zooid size variation and
oxygen isotope ratios of skeletal carbonate) relate to the actual measured ranges of temperature experienced by cheilostome
bryozoan colonies. Nine specimens of the bimineralic marine cheilostome bryozoan Pentapora foliacea (Ellis and Solander, 1786) were analysed, collected from ~18-m depth at two localities in Wales, UK—four from Skomer Island
(51°42′510″N, 5°13′42.60″W) and five from Porth Ysgaden, Lleyn Peninsula (52°54′6.75″N, 4°38′47.34″W). The annual range of
temperature implied by zooid size variability provides a good approximation of the actual range of temperature recorded by
a datalogger. However, annual ranges of temperature reconstructed from skeletal oxygen isotope ratios were narrower, typically
not showing the lowest temperatures experienced by the colonies. This can be explained by progressive thickening of zooid
skeletal walls during the life of the colony that homogenises the temperature signal by time-averaging over the lifetime of
the colonies. Our study provides evidence that a combined morphological isotope approach has great potential in the reconstruction
of annual ranges in seawater temperatures from historical and fossil bryozoans, particularly for species that lack ontogenetic
skeletal wall thickening and bimineralic skeletal composition. As cheilostome bryozoans have been common in benthic communities
since the Late Cretaceous, they represent a valuable and underutilised resource for the interpretation of environmental regimes. 相似文献
306.
307.
308.
The attributes and effects of one possible arrangement of a market for rights to use fertilizer are discussed in this article. Because of some similarities in effect, this type of policy is compared with the imposition of a fixed per unit excise tax on fertilizer. Some empirical results for the establishment of a market for rights to use nitrogen fertilizer and for the imposition of a tax on nitrogen fertilizer only in Illinois are presented. These results are derived from a national spatial equilibrium model of crop production in the United States. 相似文献
309.
310.