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461.
While foraging, social insects encounter a dynamic array of food resources of varying quality and profitability. Because food
acquisition influences colony growth and fitness, natural selection can be expected to favor colonies that allocate their
overall foraging effort so as to maximize their intake of high-quality nutrients. Social wasps lack recruitment communication,
but previous studies of vespine wasps have shown that olfactory cues influence foraging decisions. Odors associated with food
brought into the nest by successful foragers prompt naive foragers to leave the nest and search for the source of those odors.
Left unanswered, however, is the question of whether naive foragers take food quality into account in making their decisions
about whether or not to search. In this study, two different concentrations of sucrose solutions, scented differently, were
inserted directly into each of three Vespula germanica nests. At a feeder away from the nest, arriving foragers were given a choice between two 1.5 M sucrose solutions with the
same scents as those in the nest. We show that wasps chose higher-quality resources in the field using information in the
form of intranidal food-associated odor cues. By this simple mechanism, the colony can bias the allocation of its foraging
effort toward higher-quality resources in the environment. 相似文献
462.
Dharmaratne Amarakoon Anthony Chen Sam Rawlins Dave D. Chadee Michael Taylor Roxann Stennett 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(4):341-357
The seasonality, patterns and the climate associations of the reported cases of dengue in the Caribbean were studied by analyzing the annual and monthly variability of reported cases as well as those of climate parameters (temperature and precipitation). More attention was given to Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and Jamaica, as those countries contributed mostly to the reported cases. The data were for the period 1980–2003. Results showed that the incidence of dengue in the Caribbean were higher in the last decade (1990s) compared to that in the previous decade (1980s). The yearly patterns of dengue exhibited a well-defined seasonality. The epidemics appeared to occur in the later half of the year following onset of rainfall and increasing temperature. Analysis revealed that the association of the epidemics with temperature was stronger, especially in relation to the onset of dengue, and the probability of epidemics was high during El Niño periods. In years with early warmer periods epidemics appeared to occur early, which was a scenario more probable in the year after an El Niño (an El Niño + 1 year). Indices linked to temperatures that are useful for gauging the potential for onset of dengue were examined. An index based on a moving average temperature (MAT) appeared to be effective in gauging such potential and its average (AMAT) signals a threshold effect. MAT index has potential use in adaptation and mitigation strategies. 相似文献
463.
Hanning Sara M. Hua Changji Baroutian Saeid Burrell Rob Taylor Matthew Wright L. James Svirskis Darren 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2022,24(4):1603-1611
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - This study aimed to quantify the amount of pharmaceutical waste produced in New Zealand, and determine the composition of pharmaceutical waste from... 相似文献
464.
van Putten E. Ingrid Pinkard Elizabeth O’Grady Anthony Schmidt Rebecca K. Cresswell Ian Raoult Vincent Taylor Matt D. 《The Environmentalist》2021,41(4):541-555
Environment Systems and Decisions - Globally we are experiencing a decline in aggregate natural capital. Many primary industries and enterprises are highly dependent on renewable and non-renewable... 相似文献
465.
一株异养脱氮菌的脱氮性能及其影响因素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究异养硝化过程中分离得到一株具有异养脱氮性能的菌株,经16S rRNA鉴定后为Providencia rettgeri菌属,命名为Providencia rettgeri strain YL。在实验室条件下,初步探讨了不同碳氮源、温度、pH值、摇床转速和微量元素对Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株脱氮作用的影响,研究结果显示,Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株在葡萄糖和氯化铵为碳氮源的培养基中生长最好,温度为30℃、pH值为7、摇床转速为120 r/min时具有最佳的脱氮效果,微量元素Mg2+最有利于Providencia rettgeri strain YL菌株的生长和脱氮。 相似文献
466.
Oheneba-Dornyo Theresa Valerie Amuzu Setor Maccagnan Anna Taylor Timothy 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(3):473-489
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Malaria has a significant impact on the lives of many in Ghana. It is one of the key causes of mortality and morbidity, resulting in 32.5% of outpatient... 相似文献
467.
John R. Post Hillary G. M. Ward Kyle L. Wilson George L. Sterling Ariane Cantin Eric B. Taylor 《Conservation biology》2022,36(3):e13783
Use of extensive but low-resolution abundance data is common in the assessment of species at-risk status based on quantitative decline criteria under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and national endangered species legislation. Such data can be problematic for 3 reasons. First, statistical power to reject the null hypothesis of no change is often low because of small sample size and high sampling uncertainty leading to a high frequency of type II errors. Second, range-wide assessments composed of multiple site-specific observations do not effectively weight site-specific trends into global trends. Third, uncertainty in site-specific temporal trends and relative abundance are not propagated at the appropriate spatial scale. A common result is the propensity to underestimate the magnitude of declines and therefore fail to identify the appropriate at-risk status for a species. We used 3 statistical approaches, from simple to more complex, to estimate temporal decline rates for a designatable unit (DU) of rainbow trout in the Athabasca River watershed in western Canada. This DU is considered a native species for purposes of listing because of its genetic composition characterized as >0.95 indigenous origin in the face of continuing introgressive hybridization with introduced populations in the watershed. Analysis of abundance trends from 57 time series with a fixed-effects model identified 33 sites with negative trends, but only 2 were statistically significant. By contrast, a hierarchical linear mixed model weighted by site-specific abundance provided a DU-wide decline estimate of 16.4% per year and a 3-generation decline of 93.2%. A hierarchical Bayesian mixed model yielded a similar 3-generation decline trend of 91.3% and the posterior distribution showed that the estimate had a >99% probability of exceeding thresholds for an endangered listing. We conclude that the Bayesian approach was the most useful because it provided a probabilistic statement of threshold exceedance in support of an at-risk status recommendation. 相似文献