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Understanding the factors that influence household use of clean energy in the Similipal Tiger Reserve,India 下载免费PDF全文
Biotic pressure in and around protected areas (PA) is the primary cause of biodiversity loss in many developing countries across the globe. The pressure comes partly from biomass energy dependency in the form of heavy extraction of fuelwood from the forests. Although biomass fuels provide easily accessible and affordable sources of domestic energy to the rural masses, their combustion results in environmental and health‐related hazards. The objectives of this paper are to assess the patterns of household energy use in a subsistence forest economy and analyze the factors that influence their energy use choice for cooking and lighting. The paper uses primary data collected randomly from 244 households located in and around the Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), situated in the eastern Indian state of Odisha. Age of the household head, number of days in wage employment, number of adult males and females in a household, education of the household head and landholding size are found to be the major variables that determine household fuelwood collection sources inside the reserve. Considering household structure as an income indicator, the analysis clearly shows that non‐poor households prefer to use clean energy (i.e. solar) for lighting, while poor households tend to use solid fuel. Energy policies for development should be based on the realistic proposition that fuelwood will remain the major source of energy for cooking for substantial proportions of the world’s population. Promotion of public education, social forestry schemes and fuel‐efficient improved chulhas should be encouraged in order to reduce household dependence on fuelwood. Moreover, devolving sufficient property rights over forest resources to local communities may help secure their broad‐based and active participation in the decision‐making process, which may result in a positive change in the attitude of the local people towards biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
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The Indus Irrigation System,Natural Resources,and Community Occupational Quality in the Delta Region of Pakistan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study examines the impact of an elaborated irrigation system on the natural resources and society in the deltaic part
of the Indus River in Pakistan. Time series information was collected to analyze the ecological and natural resource dynamics,
and their impacts on the structure and quality of the occupations of the people in the Indus delta during pre- and post-irrigation
system development periods. The information was collected through literature review, reconnaissance, structured questionnaire
survey, focus group discussions, and interviews. The findings revealed that the expansion of the irrigation system and the
resulting reduction in the downstream flow had their differential impacts on the various segments of downstream ecology and
society. Some of the resources, for example the agricultural mudflats have been adversely affected due to the accelerated
seawater intrusion that severely impinged on the paddy farms. On the other natural resources like mangroves, the impacts had
been both negative and positive. On one hand, the diversity of the mangroves species had deteriorated while on other hand,
the mangroves have benefited from such development because of the alleviated pressure of camel grazing as a result of the
occupational change on the part of the camel herders. Furthermore, changes in the hydrological regimes had forced the paddy
farmers and camel herders to switch to fishing as an alternative source of employment and income. Considering that currently
about 87% people are already engaged primarily in marine fishery, this scenario is threatening the sustainability of the fishery
resources as well as the livelihoods of all, the traditional and converted fishermen. The findings of the study are therefore
meant to advocate the different treatments which should be accorded to the various segments of the downstream ecology and
society during the planning of any remedial irrigation projects in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of the previous irrigation
development strategies and of any water resources development to be carried out in the future. 相似文献
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Bir Bahadur Ghale Ganesh Ram Shrestha and Russell J. deLucia 《Natural resources forum》2000,24(4):273-284
This article examines a number of issues connected with the development of small-scale hydroelectric power and related investments in Nepal. The micro-hydro investment scheme in Barpak village serves as a case study, and the article also presents a number of related issues discussed against the background of the evolution of micro-hydro power in Nepal. The article outlines the success of micro-hydro development, modest in relation to its enormous potential, the realization of which depends on whether a number of challenges and constraints can be overcome. The article closes with suggestions on implementing sustainable micro-hydro development in rural areas, based on the Barpak experience and the authors' other recent studies of rural energy issues in Nepal. 相似文献
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Jeetendra P. Aryal Arun Khatri-Chhetri Tek B. Sapkota Dil B. Rahut Olaf Erenstein 《Natural resources forum》2020,44(3):255-273
This study assesses the factors affecting the adoption of laser land leveling (LLL) and its impact on crop yields and net returns. It uses household survey data collected from 621 randomly selected farmers in Karnal District of Haryana, India, and applies endogenous switching regression models. Unbiased model results show that the adoption of LLL has significant positive impacts on yields (rice +549 kg ha−1; wheat +471 kg ha−1) and net returns (an aggregate increase of US$230/ha) in the rice-wheat production system, thereby raising farmers' income substantially. Our results show that LLL adoption at the farm level is influenced by land size and quality, tenure system, availability of farm machinery (tractor), access to finance and farm cooperatives, gender of household head, level of education and training and access to extension services. Therefore, LLL scaling strategies need to consider these bio-physical and socio-economic parameters to reach adoption at scale and generate large social, economic, and environmental benefits. 相似文献
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Krishna Bahadur KC Laxmi Prasad Pant Evan D. G. Fraser Pratap Kumar Shrestha Dinesh Shrestha Anga Lama 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(5):1239-1251
Increasing on-farm crop diversity is one agroecological approach to enhancing food self-sufficiency that helps small-scale farmers keep their food systems stable by reducing risks associated with stressors, such as a pest outbreaks or droughts. But understanding how crop diversity and food self-sufficiency are related is unknown. To explore this complex relation, this study presents household data (n = 1664) from Nepal to test the hypothesis that families with high crop diversity enjoy greater household food self-sufficiency. Data are presented for three districts that are representative of three distinct agroecological regions of the country: (1) Sarlahi, which is affluent, market-oriented, and on the plains; (2) Makwanpur District in the hills, which has well-developed integrated farm production; and (3) the mountainous District of Humla, which has the poorest quality environment and is the most remote. Results show that in the Humla District, families with greater crop diversity were more self-sufficient. In contrast, farmers in Makwanpur, who have already established a high degree of crop diversity based on vegetable production, do not benefit from additional crop diversity in terms of their ability to provide for themselves. Finally, data from Sarlahi show that families’ food self-sufficiency benefits from crop diversification. We conclude that boosting crop diversity is a viable strategy for maintaining stability in food systems, but this varies depending on the accessibility of a farm and, in particular, access to markets. 相似文献
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Sharma KK Rao CS Dubey JK Patyal SK Parihar NS Battu RS Sharma V Gupta P Kumar A Kalpana Jaya M Singh B Sharma ID Nath A Gour TB 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,132(1-3):25-31
In a field study carried out at three different locations, the dissipation of spiromesifen on cotton and chili was studied
and its DT50, and DT99 were estimated at each location. Spiromesifen was sprayed on chili at 96 and 192 g a.i. ha−1 and cotton at 120 and 240 g a.i. ha−1. Samples of chili fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 21, 30 days after treatment and that of cotton seed and lint
at first picking and harvest. Soil samples were drawn 30 days after treatment from 0 to 15 and 15 to 30 cm layer. Quantification
of residues was done on GC–MS in Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode in mass range 271–274 m/z. The LOQ of this method was
found 0.033 μg g−1, LOD being 0.01 μg g−1. The DT50 of spiromesifen when applied at recommended doses in chili fruits was found to be 2.18–2.40 days. Ninety-nine percent degradation
was found to occur within 14.5–16.3 days after application. Residues of spiromesifen were not detected in cotton seed and
lint samples at the first picking. In soil, no residues of spiromesifen were detectable 15 days after treatment. 相似文献
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Aryal Jeetendra Prakash Sapkota Tek Bahadur Krupnik Timothy J. Rahut Dil Bahadur Jat Mangi Lal Stirling Clare M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(37):51480-51496
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fertilizer, though one of the most essential inputs for increasing agricultural production, is a leading cause of nitrous oxide emissions from... 相似文献
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Aryal Jeetendra Prakash Sapkota Tek Bahadur Rahut Dil Bahadur Krupnik Timothy J. Shahrin Sumona Jat M. L. Stirling Clare M. 《Environmental management》2020,66(1):105-120
Environmental Management - Rural households in South Asia’s coastal deltas face numerous livelihood challenges, including risks posed by climatic variability and extreme weather events. This... 相似文献