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201.
Angélique Lazartigues Marielle Thomas Cécile Cren-Olivé Jean Brun-Bellut Yves Le Roux Damien Banas Cyril Feidt 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(1):117-125
Residues of pesticides in fish farming productions from barrage ponds are seldom studied in spite of increasing health questionings and environmental concerns. The purpose of this study is to establish the pesticide contamination profiles of sediments and edible fish from five ponds in Northeastern France. Multi-residues method and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis were used to quantify 13 pesticides (azoxystrobin, carbendazim, clomazone, diflufenican, dimethachlor, fluroxypyr, iprodion, isoproturon, mesosulfuron-methyl, metazachlor, napropamid, quizalofop and thifensulfuron-methyl). Ten sediments and 143 muscles samples were analysed, corresponding to two successive fishing campaigns (first fishing date and second fishing date (P2), about 1 year later) on five sites (noted C-0, C-25, C-45, C-75 and C-85 to express the increasing gradient of crop area). Isoproturon was present in all sediments samples (1.8–56.4 μg/kg dry weight). During P2 period, carbendazim was quantified in the fish of site C-0 (0.09?±?0.02, 0.2?±?0.1 and 0.17?±?0.06 μg/kg wet weight (ww) for roach, carp and perch, respectively). Metazachlor was only quantified in perch of the site C-25 (0.13?±?0.02 μg/kg ww). Concentrations of isoproturon were similar for the sites C-45 and C-75 with 0.4?±?0.1 and 0.75?±?0.06 μg/kg ww for carp and perch, respectively. Contamination of fish reflected generally concentrations in surroundings. Isoproturon was the most concentrated and its main source was water for perch while carp was exposed through both water and sediments, highlighting their life strategies in pond. 相似文献
202.
Sarah Schönbrodt-Stitt Anna Bosch Thorsten Behrens Heike Hartmann Xuezheng Shi Thomas Scholten 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(10):6917-6933
In densely populated countries like China, clean water is one of the most challenging issues of prospective politics and environmental planning. Water pollution and eutrophication by excessive input of nitrogen and phosphorous from nonpoint sources is mostly linked to soil erosion from agricultural land. In order to prevent such water pollution by diffuse matter fluxes, knowledge about the extent of soil loss and the spatial distribution of hot spots of soil erosion is essential. In remote areas such as the mountainous regions of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, rainfall data are scarce. Since rainfall erosivity is one of the key factors in soil erosion modeling, e.g., expressed as R factor in the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation model, a methodology is needed to spatially determine rainfall erosivity. Our study aims at the approximation and spatial regionalization of rainfall erosivity from sparse data in the large (3,200 km2) and strongly mountainous catchment of the Xiangxi River, a first order tributary to the Yangtze River close to the Three Gorges Dam. As data on rainfall were only obtainable in daily records for one climate station in the central part of the catchment and five stations in its surrounding area, we approximated rainfall erosivity as R factors using regression analysis combined with elevation bands derived from a digital elevation model. The mean annual R factor (R a) amounts for approximately 5,222 MJ?mm?ha?1?h?1?a?1. With increasing altitudes, R a rises up to maximum 7,547 MJ?mm ha?1?h?1 a?1 at an altitude of 3,078 m a.s.l. At the outlet of the Xiangxi catchment erosivity is at minimum with approximate R a?=?1,986 MJ?mm?ha?1?h?1?a?1. The comparison of our results with R factors from high-resolution measurements at comparable study sites close to the Xiangxi catchment shows good consistance and allows us to calculate grid-based R a as input for a spatially high-resolution and area-specific assessment of soil erosion risk. 相似文献
203.
Martina Periša Sandra Babić Irena Škorić Tobias Frömel Thomas P. Knepper 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(12):8934-8946
Once released into the aquatic environment, pharmaceuticals may undergo different degradation processes. Photodegradation, for example, might be an important elimination process for light-sensitive pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics. In this study, the fate of sulfonamides (sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole) and their N 4-acetylated metabolites (N 4-acetylsulfadiazine, N 4-acetylsulfamethazine, and N 4-acetylsulfamethoxazole) under simulated sunlight irradiation was investigated. The irradiation resulted in total or almost total degradation (88 to 98 %) of the pharmaceuticals tested, except for sulfamethazine (52 %), during 24 h of irradiation. The photoproducts of all investigated pharmaceuticals have been analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation performed from photodegradation products of both, sulfonamides and their N 4-acetylated metabolites, clearly showed two major formation pathways. These were cleavage of the sulfonamide bond as well as SO2 extrusion. In total, nine photoproducts were elucidated. Among these photoproducts, the tautomers of sulfamethoxazole and desulfonated products of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine were also present. Tautomers of sulfadiazine and sulfamethazine have been characterized here for the first time as well as some photoproducts of sulfadiazine, sulfametoxazole, and their metabolites N 4-acetylsulfadiazine and N 4-acetylsulfametoxazole. The obtained results are an important piece in the complex puzzle for assessing the environmental fate of sulfonamides and their metabolites in the environment. 相似文献
204.
Trends of perfluorochemicals in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears: Indications of shifts to decreasing trends 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Time-series of perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) in East Greenland polar bears and East and West Greenland ringed seals were updated in order to deduce whether a response to the major reduction in perfluoroalkyl production in the early 2000s had occurred. Previous studies had documented an exponential increase of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) in liver tissue from both species. In the present study, PFOS was still the far most dominant compound constituting 92% (West Greenland ringed seals), 88% (East Greenland ringed seals) and 85% (East Greenland polar bears). The PFOS concentrations increased up to 2006 with doubling times of approximately 6 years for the ringed seal populations and 14 years in case of polar bears. Since then a rapid decrease has occurred with clearing half-lives of approximately 1, 2 and 4 years, respectively. In polar bears perfluorohexane sulphonate (PFHxS) and perfluorooctane sulphonamide (PFOSA) also showed decreasing trends in recent years as do perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). For the West Greenland ringed seal population perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFDA and PFUnA peaked in the mid 2000s, whereas PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA in the East Greenland population have been stable or increasing in recent years. The peak of PFASs in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears occurred at a later time than in Canadian seals and polar bears and considerably later than observed in seal species from more southern latitudes. We suggest that this could be explained by the distance to emission hot-spots and differences in long-range transport to the Arctic. 相似文献
205.
Mover D. Thomas 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):517-520
The current literature on the role of sulfur dioxide in air pollution 相似文献
206.
H. P. Sanderson R. Thomas Morris Katz 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):328-330
Field experience with the lead acetate impregnated paper tape sampler has indicated that large errors may arise in this method due to fading of the color of the precipitated lead sulfide spots. This fading is due to the action of light, sulfur dioxide, ozone, on other substances capable of oxidizing lead sulfide. The moisture content or relative humidity of the air sample must be maintained at an appropriate level to ensure reaction with the impregnated paper tape. The effects of the factors have been investigated in laboratory experiments with known concentrations of H2S. A number of antioxidants were studied in relation to the stability of the resultant spots to light and oxidation Orthophenyl phenol was found to be the most effective antioxidant for this purpose. A number of necessary precautions to be employed in the use of the lead acetate method are recommended and the limitations are discussed. 相似文献
207.
Thomas E. Kreichelt Thomas G. Keller 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):640-645
Studies of roof monitor emissions are conducted for two reasons: (1) to obtain design data necessary to engineer control systems to meet existing regulations, and (2) to determine projected control costs which can influence present day proposals for process change. Heated wire anemometers and rotating vane anemometers have been selected for velocity measurements, and high-volume air samplers have been selected to collect the particulate sample. Evaluation of other types of velocity sensing devices are described in the paper. Roof monitor studies must be preceded by a preliminary survey to allow the project engineer to determine the test sampling locations and specific methodology necessary for the given study, and to allow the engineer to determine the type of safety equipment, scaffolds, and power requirements necessary to complete the study. Field tests are conducted by operating a number of high-volume air samplers simultaneously while at the same time measuring the velocity of the gas through the monitor opening. Curves of particulate concentration and velocity as a function of monitor length are constructed. The concentration and velocity curves are then integrated together and the resultant curve is multiplied by the monitor width to determine a curve of mass emission rate as a function of monitor length. The total mass emission rate is represented by the area under the mass emission rate curve. Procedures for calibrating the anemometers and correcting for the effect of power fluctuation on the high-volume sampler operation are described. Data evaluation procedures and discussion of test error are also described. A study can cost between 10 and 20 thousand dollars, including the cost of manpower and the cost of scaffolds, power, cables, etc. It can take four months or more to conduct a study, from the preliminary survey phase through the report phase. 相似文献
208.
Timothy M. Gilmore Thomas R. Hanna 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):535-539
The so-called “Six Month Study” of the air toxics problem in the United States was initiated in November 1983 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The study focused on the magnitude, nature, and distribution of the problem—three major issues that were felt to be most useful to policy makers as they attempted to define the scope and direction of a national program for controlling toxic air pollutants. The following paper is based on a draft staff report on the study released for review in September 1984. The report has not been formally released by the U.S. EPA; a final report is due by late spring of 1985. 相似文献
209.
Thomas C. Curran William F. Hunt Jr. 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):711-714
San Diego Gas &; Electric has developed a quality assurance program for continuous emission monitors (CEM). Extractive, rather than in situ, monitors were selected as a result of an in-house evaluation program. Two extractive systems have been certified and a good operating and maintenance record has been established on these systems. A successful program requires the involvement and support of all affected personnel. It is desirable to have one or two key personnel coordinate the development of the program. It is also highly desirable to have good in-house source testing capabilities. 相似文献
210.
Timothy M. Gilmore Thomas R. Hanna 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):965-967
Recent investigations have indicated that ambient air CO measurements may not reflect population exposure to CO. The lack of correlation may be due to improper siting of CO instruments, improper interpretation of air quality data, or both. Studies of population carboxy-hemoglobin levels are evaluated and compared with ambient air data., No significant correlation was found between median population COHb levels and reductions in CO concentrations required to meet ambient air standards when calculations used to estimate reductions were based on the second highest 8 hour average. However, calculated reductions based on annual average concentrations and a trend analysis technique correlated significantly with COHb levels in five cities from which both CAMP and COHb data were available. Studies to determine the nature of the relationship between ambient air CO concentrations and population COHb levels are needed. The differences between the Occupational Safety and Health Act Regulations and the National Ambient Air Standards for carbon monoxide should be scrutinized to determine if a redefinition of the standards or their applicability is warranted. A reevaluation of the controls necessary to make reductions in population COHb burden may be necessary. 相似文献