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461.
Ingo?NarberhausEmail author Claudine?Theuring Thomas?Hartmann Susanne?Dobler 《Chemoecology》2004,14(1):17-23
Summary. Several species of Longitarsus take up, metabolize and
store pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) from their host plants. In feeding experiments using
radioactively labeled PAs of different types we examined the time course of the sequestration
process in L. jacobaeae and
L. aeruginosus. We found that adapted species efficiently
store PAs for at least two weeks without major losses. During that time, there is virtually
no change in the ratio of tertiary alkaloids to stored non-toxic
N-oxides, regardless of chemical form fed to the beetles. This
implies a transient N-oxidation process where the alkaloids are
only temporarily accessible to the enzyme. A dissection experiment with
L. aeruginosus six days after uptake of labeled PAs
showed that the tertiary alkaloids are not found in the hemolymph but are stored in the
elytra and other body compartments. This conforms with earlier experiments that localized the
enzymes site of action in the hemolymph. Furthermore we show that different total alkaloid
doses in the diet of L. jacobaeae and the potentially less
adapted L. succineus do not affect the ratio of recovered
N-oxides to tertiary molecules. Thus, the efficiency of the
N-oxidizing enzyme is not dependent on the concentration of
alkaloids offered. 相似文献
462.
463.
Carmen?Rossini Alexander?Bezzerides Andrés?González Maria?Eisner Thomas?EisnerEmail author 《Chemoecology》2003,13(4):199-205
Summary. Evidence is presented that pyrrolizidine alkaloid acquired
by Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) as a larva
from Crotalaria foodplants is incorporated in part into the scales
of the adult. A single forewing of a male or female moth may contain in
the order of 6 to 13 g monocrotaline in its scale cover or about 1 to 2%
of the moths systemic monocrotaline content. Based on estimates of the number
of scales per forewing, the monocrotaline content of individual scales is calculated
to be in the order of 0.1 and 0.2 ng monocrotaline per male and female scale,
respectively. This amounts to concentrations of about 1 and 3%, values roughly at
a par with the average systemic concentration (0.5-0.6%) previously determined
for monocrotaline in Utetheisa. It is argued that the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloid
in the moths scale coating could account for the promptness with which adult Utetheisa are
rejected by spiders. It is suggested further that chemical impregnation of scales with substances
deterrent to predators may be more widespread among insects than generally assumed. 相似文献
464.
André Chiaradia Yan Ropert-Coudert Akiko Kato Thomas Mattern Julija Yorke 《Marine Biology》2007,151(4):1535-1542
Little Penguins, Eudyptula minor, breed in several small colonies in New Zealand and Australia. In this study, we compare the birds’ diving performances at
different sites situated throughout their breeding range. Environmental conditions and breeding success vary drastically amongst
colonies, but all birds feed on similar types of prey and face similar limitations on their foraging range. We examined several
diving parameters and calculated the proportion of foraging zone available during breeding to examine whether oceanographic
and geographic factors in the foraging zone can explain variations in diving behaviour and fledging success among the different
colonies. In colonies with high fledging success, Penguin Island and Oamaru, penguins made shallow dives <50 m depth and had
lower diving effort. More than 90% of the foraging zone was in waters <50 m depth in these colonies. Motuara Island also has
shallow waters with 95% <50 m depth, but the fledging success was low. Phillip Island has only 42% of waters <50 m and comparatively
low fledging success. Thus, penguins dived deeper and showed a higher diving effort in colonies with lower fledging success
(Motuara Island and Phillip Island), indicating that they were disadvantaged compared to conspecifics from other colonies
that dived shallower and with a lesser diving effort. We concluded that bathymetry is an important factor, but not the only
one, which influences fledging success. 相似文献
465.
Andra Thiel Gerard Driessen Thomas S. Hoffmeister 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(5):614-623
The parasitic wasp, Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), has two reproductive modes, namely, thelytoky or arrhenotoky, and occurs in habitats
with highly variable or relatively stable host abundances, respectively. Since information processing is costly, we expected
that information indicating resource availability would be mainly used by the thelytokous wasps and less so by the arrhenotokous
type. This idea was explored by two different approaches. In a study on patch-time allocation, we used females from ten populations
and measured patch-residence times of individuals that visited multiple patches at different encounter rates. In a more detailed
approach, thelytokous and arrhenotokous females from a single location were observed continuously while foraging, and all
behaviors were recorded. Wasps of both reproductive modes (i.e., both habitat types) used information for the assessment of
habitat quality. However, the way that the information was used differed between them. Whereas thelytokous females used foraging
information to maximize their efficiency at high patch-encounter rates, arrhenotokous females merely reduced the number of
offspring produced without changing patch times. The behavior of the arrhenotokous females should result in a spreading of
offspring across the habitat and, thus, reduced sib-mating. The foraging strategy of these wasps might therefore be an adaptation
to reduce costs associated with inbreeding. 相似文献
466.
467.
Choosing a home: how the scouts in a honey bee swarm perceive the completion of their group decision making 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
Thomas?D.?SeeleyEmail author P.?Kirk?Visscher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):511-520
This study considers the mystery of how the scout bees in a honey bee swarm know when they have completed their group decision making regarding the swarm's new nest site. More specifically, we investigated how the scouts sense when it is appropriate for them to begin producing the worker piping signals that stimulate their swarm-mates to prepare for the flight to their new home. We tested two hypotheses: "consensus sensing," the scouts noting when all the bees performing waggle dances are advertising just one site; and "quorum sensing," the scouts noting when one site is being visited by a sufficiently large number of scouts. Our test involved monitoring four swarms as they discovered, recruited to, and chose between two nest boxes and their scouts started producing piping signals. We found that a consensus among the dancers was neither necessary nor sufficient for the start of worker piping, which indicates that the consensus sensing hypothesis is false. We also found that a buildup of 10–15 or more bees at one of the nest boxes was consistently associated with the start of worker piping, which indicates that the quorum sensing hypothesis may be true. In considering why the scout bees rely on reaching a quorum rather than a consensus as their cue of when to start preparing for liftoff, we suggest that quorum sensing may provide a better balance between accuracy and speed in decision making. In short, the bees appear to begin preparations for liftoff as soon as enough of the scout bees, but not all of them, have approved of one of the potential nest sites.
相似文献
Thomas D. SeeleyEmail: Fax: +1-607-2544308 |
468.
Extinction, Colonization, and Metapopulations: Environmental Tracking by Rare Species 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
C.D. Thomas 《Conservation biology》1994,8(2):373-378
Extinction and metapopulation theories emphasize that stochastic fluctuations in local populations cause extinction and that local extinctions generate empty habitat patches that are then available for recolonization. Metapopulation persistence depends on the balance of extinction and colonization in a static environment. For many rare and declining species, I argue (1) that extinction is usually the deterministic consequence of the local environment becoming unsuitable (through habitat loss or modification, introduction of a predator, etc.); (2) that the local environment usually remains unsuitable following local extinction, so extinctions only rarely generate empty patches of suitable habitat; and (3) that colonization usually follows improvement of the local environment for a particular species (or long-distance transfer by humans). Thus, persistence depends predominantly on whether organisms are able to track the shifting spatial mosaic of suitable environmental conditions or on maintainance of good conditions locally. 相似文献
469.
470.
Richard S. Greenberg Thomas Andrews Prasad K. C. Kakarla Richard J. Watts 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1998,8(2):29-42
Laboratory, pilot, and full-scale experiments were used to evaluate and optimize the ISOTECSM remedial process at a warehousing facility in Union, New Jersey. Based on modified Fenton's oxidative chemistry, the ISOTECSM process uses a proprietary catalytic agent that delays formation of reactive hydroxyl radicals. This allows adequate dispersion of the hydroxyl radicals, which is an oxidizing agent, throughout a contaminant plume. Ground-water at the site was contaminated with high levels of gasoline and waste oil constituents, principally BTEX and MTBE. Bench scale microcosm studies were used to evaluate the appropriate site-specific stoichiometric relationships between catalyst, stabilizers, and oxidizers; the effect of contaminant type and concentration; and the pH optima. Based on results of the laboratory studies, a pilot-scale study was performed at the site. One injection point for catalyst, stabilizers, and oxidant was installed in the contaminated zone at the site, with one hydraulically connected downgradient well used for monitoring. A single treatment of the reagents in the optimal stoichiometry determined from the laboratory study was injected in-situ over a period of three days. A 98.5 percent reduction in volatile organics was observed in the area treated, with the radial extent of treatment estimated to be approximately 20 feet, based on the presence of hydroxyl radicals detected in hydraulically connected areas and at the surface. The full-scale process employed six injection points and three treatment cycles over a three-month period. Subsequent to treatment, contaminant levels were either nondetectable or were reduced to below applicable New Jersey groundwater standards, with regulatory closure on the site achieved in less than one year. 相似文献