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371.
GIS and multiple-criteria evaluation for the optimisation of tsetse fly eradication programmes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tsetse flies are the vectors of trypanosomes, the causal agent of trypanosomiasis, a widespread disease of livestock and people
in Africa. Control of tsetse may open vast areas of land to livestock-keeping, with the associated benefits of developing
mixed crop-livestock production systems. However, as well as possible positive impacts there are also risks: bush clearing
would accelerate and cattle numbers would rise, leading to a reduction of vegetation cover, and an increase in runoff and
erosion; there may also be increased pressure on conserved areas and reductions in biodiversity. The objective of this study
is to show how remotely sensed and other environmental data can be combined in a decision support system to help inform tsetse
control programmes in a manner that could be used to limit possible detrimental effects of tsetse control. For Zambia, a methodology
is developed that combines a tree-based decision-support approach with the use of Multiple-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), within
a Geographical Information System (GIS), in order to target areas for tsetse control. The results show clear differentiation
of priority areas under a series of hypothetical scenarios, and some areas (e.g. northwest of Petauke in the Eastern Province
of Zambia) are consistently flagged as high priority for control. It is also demonstrated that priority areas do not comprise
isolated tsetse populations, meaning that disease control using an integrated approach is likely to be more economically viable
than local eradication. 相似文献
372.
Jones ML Hayes F Mills G Sparks TH Fuhrer J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,146(3):744-753
This paper develops a regression-based model for predicting changes in biomass of individual species exposed to ozone (RS(p)), based on their Ellenberg Indicator values. The equation (RS(p)=1.805-0.118Light-0.135 square root Salinity) underpredicts observed sensitivity but has the advantage of widespread applicability to almost 3000 European species. The model was applied to grassland communities to develop two further predictive tools. The first tool, percentage change in biomass (ORI%) was tested on data from a field-based ozone exposure experiment and predicted a 27% decrease in biomass over 5 years compared with an observed decrease of 23%. The second tool, an index of community sensitivity to ozone (CORI), was applied to 48 grassland communities and suggests that community sensitivity to ozone is primarily species-driven. A repeat-sampling routine showed that nine species were the minimum requirement to estimate CORI within 5%. 相似文献
373.
This study focuses on quantitative differences in mercury bioaccumulation based on the sex of the specimen. The species of interest is an herbivorous, terrestrial insect. Male and female periodical cicadas (genus: Magicicada) analyzed using combustion atomic absorption spectrophotometry exhibit different levels of mercury bioaccumulation. The concentration of mercury in Magicicada cassini males was significantly higher than the concentration in females of the same species. 相似文献
374.
375.
Anthropogenic land-use change causes substantial changes in local and global biodiversity. Rare and common species can differ in sensitivity to land-use change; rare species are expected to be affected more negatively. Rarity may be defined in terms of geographic range size, population density, or breadth of habitat requirements. How these 3 forms of rarity interact in determining global responses to land use is yet to be assessed. Using global data representing 912 vertebrate species, we tested for differences in responses to land use of species characterized by different types of rarity. Land-use responses were fitted using generalized linear mixed-effects models, allowing responses to vary among groups of species with different forms of rarity. Species considered rare with respect to all 3 forms of rarity showed particularly strong declines in disturbed land uses (>40% of species and 30% of individuals in the most disturbed land uses). In contrast, species common both geographically and numerically and with broad habitat requirements showed strong increases (up to 90% increase in species and 40% in abundance in some land uses). Our results suggest that efforts to understand the vulnerability of species to environmental changes should account for different types of rarity where possible. Our results also have potentially important implications for ecosystem functioning, given that rare species may play unique roles within ecosystems. 相似文献
376.
377.
Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross‐cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade‐offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self‐enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade‐off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade‐offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions. 相似文献
378.
European policy responses to climate change: progress on mainstreaming emissions reduction and adaptation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
379.
Polluting firms with advanced abatement technology at their disposal have incentives or disincentives to share this technology with other polluting firms. The ‘direction’ and extent of those incentives depends on the liability rule applicable and the way technical change impacts marginal abatement costs. We establish that incentives for diffusion are socially optimal under strict liability and socially suboptimal under negligence if technical change lowers marginal abatement costs for all levels of abatement. Negligence may, however, induce better diffusion incentives than strict liability if technical change decreases (increases) marginal abatement costs for low (high) levels of abatement. 相似文献
380.