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排序方式: 共有436条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Steen Solvang Jensen Tim Larson K.C. Deepti Joel D. Kaufman 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4544-4556
We evaluated the Danish AirGIS air quality and exposure model system using air quality measurement data from New York City in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Measurements were used from three US EPA Air Quality System (AQS) monitoring stations and a comprehensive MESA Air measurement campaign including about 150 different locations and about 650 samples of about 2 week measurements of NOx, NO2 and PM2.5. AirGIS is a deterministic exposure model system based on the dispersion models Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) and the Urban Background Model (UBM). The UBM model reproduced the annual levels within 1–26% depending on station and pollutant at the three urban background EPA monitor stations, and generally reproduced well the seasonal and diurnal variation. The full model with OSPM and UBM reproduced the MESA Air measurements with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.51 for NOx, r2 = 0.28 for NO2 and r2 = 0.73 for PM2.5. 相似文献
22.
Watts MJ Button M Brewer TS Jenkin GR Harrington CF 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2008,10(6):753-759
The relationship between the total arsenic concentration and the chemical speciation of arsenic in two species of earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrodrilus rubidus) in relation to the host soil, was investigated for 13 sites of varying arsenic content, including a background level garden soil and a former mine site at the Devon Great Consols, UK. Earthworms were collected with the host soil (As soil concentration range 16-12, 466 mg kg(-1) dry weight) and measured for their total arsenic (concentration range 7-595 mg kg(-1) dry weight) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A methanol-water mixture was used to extract arsenic species from the earthworms prior to determination of the individual arsenic species by a combination of anion and cation exchange high performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). A gradient elution anion exchange method is presented whereby nine arsenic species could be measured in one sample injection. Arsenic species were identified by comparison of retention times and sample spiking with known standards and a fully characterised seaweed extract. Arsenic was generally present in the earthworm as arsenate (As(V)) or arsenite (As(III)) and arsenobetaine (AB). Methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA) and three arsenosugars (glycerol, phosphate, sulfate) were present as minor constituents. These results are discussed in relation to the mechanisms for coping with exposure to soil bound arsenic. 相似文献
23.
An entrained-flow system has been designed and constructed to simulate in-flight mercury capture by sorbents in ducts of coal-fired
utility plants. The test conditions of 1.5 s residence time, 140°C temperature, 4.5 ppbv inlet Hg0 concentration, and 0–20 lb/MMacf sorbent injection rates were chosen to simulate conditions in the ducts. Novel oxidants
developed in previous fixed-bed tests and novel sorbents derived from the novel oxidants were tested for their Hg0 capture in the entrained-flow system to examine the possibility of using those sorbents in a full-scale system. Darco-FGD
and Darco Hg-LH served as benchmark sorbents with which mercury control capability of the novel oxidants and novel sorbents
could be compared. The test results showed that the novel oxidants have remarkable Hg0 oxidation capability, and the novel sorbents showed a better performance in Hg0 removal than Darco Hg-LH. 相似文献
24.
Jonathan M. H. Green Gemma R. Cranston William J. Sutherland Hannah R. Tranter Sarah J. Bell Tim G. Benton Eva Blixt Colm Bowe Sarah Broadley Andrew Brown Chris Brown Neil Burns David Butler Hannah Collins Helen Crowley Justin DeKoszmovszky Les G. Firbank Brett Fulford Toby A. Gardner Rosemary S. Hails Sharla Halvorson Michael Jack Ben Kerrison Lenny S. C. Koh Steven C. Lang Emily J. McKenzie Pablo Monsivais Timothy O’Riordan Jeremy Osborn Stephen Oswald Emma Price Thomas David Raffaelli Belinda Reyers Jagjit S. Srai Bernardo B. N. Strassburg David Webster Ruth Welters Gail Whiteman James Wilsdon Bhaskar Vira 《Sustainability Science》2017,12(2):319-331
Delivering access to sufficient food, energy and water resources to ensure human wellbeing is a major concern for governments worldwide. However, it is crucial to account for the ‘nexus’ of interactions between these natural resources and the consequent implications for human wellbeing. The private sector has a critical role in driving positive change towards more sustainable nexus management and could reap considerable benefits from collaboration with researchers to devise solutions to some of the foremost sustainability challenges of today. Yet opportunities are missed because the private sector is rarely involved in the formulation of deliverable research priorities. We convened senior research scientists and influential business leaders to collaboratively identify the top forty questions that, if answered, would best help companies understand and manage their food-energy-water-environment nexus dependencies and impacts. Codification of the top order nexus themes highlighted research priorities around development of pragmatic yet credible tools that allow businesses to incorporate nexus interactions into their decision-making; demonstration of the business case for more sustainable nexus management; identification of the most effective levers for behaviour change; and understanding incentives or circumstances that allow individuals and businesses to take a leadership stance. Greater investment in the complex but productive relations between the private sector and research community will create deeper and more meaningful collaboration and cooperation. 相似文献
25.
Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - This paper examines the consequences of an increase in the expected fine for non-compliance with an environmental design standard for an industry with... 相似文献
26.
Isotopic measurements of the 34 m3/s discharge from the Fall River Springs of northern California indicate recharge from 50 km upgradient in high elevation regions of Medicine Lake Volcano. Age determinations suggest less than 20-year travel time. Data demonstrate Klamath Basin further north cannot be a recharge source. Mass balance calculations support that annual precipitation on the volcano supplies observed spring discharge, requiring 50%–75% recharge rates. Radiocarbon and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon indicate 30%–40% is derived from magmatic CO2. Measured excess 3He is also consistent with the presence of magmatic gas derived from the Quaternary Age Medicine Lake Volcano. 相似文献
27.
Sharon Sjostrom Tim Ebner Trevor Ley Richard Slye Carl Richardson Tom Machalek 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(8):902-911
Abstract Sorbent injection for Hg control is one of the most promising technologies for reducing Hg emissions from power-generation facilities, particularly units that do not require wet scrubbers for SO2 control. Since 1992, EPRI has been assessing the performance of Hg sorbents in pilot-scale systems installed at full-scale facilities. The initial tests were conducted on a 5000-acfm (142-m3/min) pilot baghouse. Screening potential sorbents at this scale required substantial resources for installation and operation and did not provide an opportunity to characterize sor-bents over a wide temperature range. Data collected in the laboratory and in field tests indicate that sorbents are affected by flue gas composition and temperature. Tests carried out in actual flue gas at a number of power plants also have shown that sorbent performance can be site-specific. In addition, data collected at a field site often are different from data collected in the laboratory, with simulated flue gas mixed to match the major components in the site’s gas. To effectively estimate the costs of Hg sorbent systems at different plants, a measure of sorbent performance in the respective flue gases must be obtained. However, injection testing at multiple facilities with large pilot systems is not practical. Over the past five years, fixed-bed characterization testing, modeling studies, and bench-scale injection testing have been undertaken to develop a low-cost technique to characterize sorbent performance in actual flue gas and subsequently to project normalized costs for Hg removal prior to full-scale demonstration. This article describes the techniques used and summarizes field-testing results from two plants burning Powder River Basin (PRB) coal for commercial activated carbon and several other sorbent types. Full-scale projections based on the results and data collected on larger-scale systems also are included. 相似文献
28.
Ray E. Carter Jr. Dennis D. Lane Glen A. Marotz Charles T. Chaffin Tim L. Marshall Melissa Tucker 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):480-488
A method of predicting point and path-averaged ambient air VOC concentrations is described. This method was developed for the case of a plume generated from a single point source, and is based on the relationship between wind directional frequency and concentration. One-minute means of wind direction and wind speed were used as inputs to a Gaussian dispersion model to develop this relationship. Both FTIR spectrometry and a whole-air sampling method were used to monitor VOC plumes during simulated field tests. One test set was also conducted using only whole-air samplers deployed in a closely-spaced network, thus providing an evaluation of the prediction technique free of any bias that might exist between the two analytical methods. Correlations between observed point concentrations and wind directional frequencies were significant at the 0.05 level in most cases. Predicted path-integrated concentrations, based on observed point concentrations and meteorological data, were strongly correlated with observed values. Predicted point concentrations, based on observed path-integrated concentrations and meteorological data, accurately reflected the location and magnitude of the highest concentrations from each test, as well as the shape of the concentration-versus-crosswind distance curve. 相似文献
29.
Runzhi Gong Tim C. Keener 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):864-872
The effects of water vapor on binary vapor adsorption of toluene and methylene chloride by activated carbon were investigated on a bench-scale experimental system. Three levels of relative humidity (15, 65 and 90 percent) in conjunction with different concentrations of individual adsorbates (from 400 to 1200 ppmv) were tested by tracing the breakthrough curves of each adsorbate eluted from a fixed-bed adsorber. The adsorption capacities of the activated carbon tested for each adsorbate under the various conditions were obtained from calculations based on area integration of the breakthrough curves. It was found that with increasing relative humidity, the shape of breakthrough curves was asymmetrically distorted and the width of the breakthrough curves was broadened for toluene and steepened for methylene chloride. The adsorption capacities for both toluene and methylene chloride were decreased with the increase of relative humidity. The magnitude of the effect of water vapor is greater at the lower toluene concentration and at the higher concentration of methylene chloride. The mechanisms of water vapor influence on the process of multicomponent vapor adsorption are discussed. 相似文献
30.