Sustainable development, as it emerged in Agenda 21 from the Rio conference in 1992, will only be meaningful when it touches the lives of ordinary people; then it becomes a reality. Local Agenda 21 (LA21) seeks to achieve that objective. This article assesses the origins of LA21, reviews its social and political significance, and considers its prospects in the light of case study experience emerging from the UK, Germany and Norway, focusing on the role of local government as a major stakeholder in Agenda 21 (A21). The range of response to LA21 has proved to be varied. A successful transformation to a more sustainable world will require visionary political leadership, supportive administrations, networks of experience sharing, alliances with non-governmental organisations and local industry, and effective community mobilisation. All of that, in turn, requires equally supportive economic and social policy backing from national governments. This article will indicate that, not surprisingly, it is the domestic political context, nationally and locally, which in the main determines the speed and nature of response to LA21, now and in the future. By understanding and being aware of these contexts, factors impeding progress towards LA21 may be addressed, whilst at the same time retaining the diversity of response which is an essential part of local sustainability. 相似文献
Reintroduction of animals to the wild to establish free-ranging viable populations is a valuable conservation tool, but ecological skills alone are not enough to ensure a successful reintroduction; also needed to do the work are effectively designed and managed programs. This article suggests general guidelines for organizing and managing reintroduction programs, reviews some basic organizational issues, and considers ways to develop high-performance teams The need to integrate reintroduction programs into their larger interorganizational context is discussed. The reintroduction program's structure must be appropriate for its function and should be properly staffed, led, and buffered from its political environment It should process information well, learn rapidly from its own mistakes, and be creative A high-performance team devotes most of its energies to solving external rather than internal problems 相似文献
Data are presented on the vegetation dynamics of two impounded marshes along the Indian River Lagoon, in east-central Florida,
USA. Vegetation in one of the marshes (IRC 12) was totally eliminated by overflooding and by hypersaline conditions (salinities
over 100 ppt) that developed there in 1979 after the culvert connecting the marsh with the lagoon was closed. Over 20% recovery
of the herbaceous halophytesSalicornia virginica, S. bigelovii, andBatis maritima was observed at that site after the culvert was reopened in 1982, but total cover in the marsh remains well below the original
75%. No recovery of mangroves was observed at this site. The second site (SLC 24), while remaining isolated from the lagoon
during much of the study, did not suffer the complete elimination of vegetation experienced at the first site. At this location,
mangroves increased in cover and frequency with a concomitant decrease in herbaceous halophytes.
Considerable damage to the vegetation was evident at IRC 12 when the impoundment was closed and flooded for mosquito control
in 1986. Although the damage was temporary, its occurrence emphasizes the need of planning and constant monitoring and adjustment
of management details as conditions within particular marshes change. Storms and hurricanes may be important in promoting
a replacement of black mangroves by red mangroves in closed impoundments because the former cannot tolerate pneumatophore
submergence for long periods of time.
University of Florida-IFAS Journal Series R-00521. 相似文献
ABSTRACT: The quantity, seasonality, and sources of flow were analyzed for two segments of Four Mile Branch, a small stream on the Coastal Plain of South Carolina using data obtained from USGS gauging stations. Flows in the “upstream segment,” a 12.6-km2 watershed comprising the head waters of Four Mile Branch, averaged 0.129 m3 s?1 and showed a distinctly seasonal pattern, with maximum flows in February and March and minimum flows in September and October. Inflow to the “downstream segment,” a 2.2-km2 watershed associated with the main channel, averaged 0.059 m3 s?1 and showed no seasonal patterns. Discharges per unit area of watershed were greater for the downstream segment, 0.83 m3 per year per m2 of land surface, than for the upstream segment, 0.32 m3 per year per m2. The differences in discharge rates and seasonalities between the two segments reflect differences in aquifers supplying the different segments. Analyses of Streamflow by hydrograph separation and Streamflow partitioning methods indicated that greater than 90 percent of the flows in the upstream and downstream segments were due to ground water-driven base flows. 相似文献
The delta of the Llobregat river is a natural expansion area for the city of Barcelona. It has been used first for agricultural purposes and then in the twentieth century for urban and infrastructural development. The history of the delta is examined, in order to trace the changing interactions between economic and political forces and ecological processes. This includes the influence of urban planning from 1930 onwards. The paper describes the effort made by the Spanish government from 1991 to co‐ordinate investment planning in the delta with the Catalan administration and local authorities. One municipality, El Prat, has offered a partial environmentalist challenge to the dominant economic development model of other administrations. It is concluded that it would be valuable to consider this key zone in relation to alternative projects for the socio‐economic and ecological development of Catalonia and Spain as a whole. 相似文献
Ecosystem management links human activities with the functioning of natural environments over large spatial and temporal scales.
Our examination of Greater Yellowstone and Georges Bank shows similarities exist between human uses, administrative characteristics,
and some biophysical features. Each region faces growing pressures to replace traditional extractive uses with more sustainable
extractive or noncommodity uses coupled with concern about endangered species. Ecosystem management as a set of practical
guidelines for making decisions under evolving expectations is far from complete, and it embodies new demands on individuals
and institutions. In each system these challenges are considered relative to: the public's symbolic understanding of the management
challenge, ecosystem management ambiguities, information availability, information use, administrative setting, and learning
capabilities of governance organizations Progress in making ecosystem management operational may occur as refinements in content
and approach make it an increasingly attractive option for resource users, the public, and government officials. 相似文献
A “multi-pollutant exposure programme” reflecting the new pollution situation where SO2 is no longer the dominating pollutant has been performed by the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials,
including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials) within the activities of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary
Air Pollution. The main results obtained in the period 1997–2003 are summarised. Dose-response functions are presented for
carbon steel, zinc, copper, bronze and limestone. Parameters involved in the functions include besides SO2 and pH, which were included in the previously developed functions from ICP Materials, also the effect of particulate matter
and HNO3. 相似文献