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951.
Geoff Wilson Giovanni Quaranta Claire Kelly Rosanna Salvia 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(3):518-537
This study analyses social, economic and political “lock-ins” for understanding community resilience and land degradation. The study focuses on lock-ins from within communities, using four case study communities in Italy affected by land degradation. The analysis highlights the complex interrelationships between various lock-ins, and suggests that the communities are on declining resilience pathways that may lead to increasing difficulties in addressing land degradation issues in future. 相似文献
952.
Cornelius J. O’ Flynn Mark G. Healy Paul Wilson Nyncke J. Hoekstra Shane M. Troy Owen Fenton 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6019-6027
Losses of phosphorus (P) from soil and slurry during episodic rainfall events can contribute to eutrophication of surface water. However, chemical amendments have the potential to decrease P and suspended solids (SS) losses from land application of slurry. Current legislation attempts to avoid losses to a water body by prohibiting slurry spreading when heavy rainfall is forecast within 48 h. Therefore, in some climatic regions, slurry spreading opportunities may be limited. The current study examined the impact of three time intervals (TIs; 12, 24 and 48 h) between pig slurry application and simulated rainfall with an intensity of 11.0?±?0.59 mm h?1. Intact grassed soil samples, 1 m long, 0.225 m wide and 0.05 m deep, were placed in runoff boxes and pig slurry or amended pig slurry was applied to the soil surface. The amendments examined were: (1) commercial-grade liquid alum (8 % Al2O3) applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al/ total phosphorus (TP)], (2) commercial-grade liquid ferric chloride (38 % FeCl3) applied at a rate of 0.89:1 [Fe/TP] and (3) commercial-grade liquid poly-aluminium chloride (10 % Al2O3) applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al/TP]. Results showed that an increased TI between slurry application and rainfall led to decreased P and SS losses in runoff, confirming that the prohibition of land-spreading slurry if heavy rain is forecast in the next 48 h is justified. Averaged over the three TIs, the addition of amendment reduced all types of P losses to concentrations significantly different (p?<?0.05) to those from unamended slurry, with no significant difference between treatments. Losses from amended slurry with a TI of 12 h were less than from unamended slurry with a TI of 48 h, indicating that chemical amendment of slurry may be more effective at ameliorating P loss in runoff than current TI-based legislation. Due to the high cost of amendments, their incorporation into existing management practices can only be justified on a targeted basis where inherent soil characteristics deem their usage suitable to receive amended slurry. 相似文献
953.
Jane C. Chuang Nancy K. Wilson 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):41-50
An analytical method was developed for determining organophosphate pesticides (OPP) and pyrethroid pesticides (PYR) in duplicate-diet solid food. The method consisted of pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with dichloromethane followed by cleanup with gel permeation and solid phase extraction columns and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Quantitative recoveries (73–117 %) of the target pesticides were obtained for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The percent standard deviation (% RSD) of replicate food samples was within ± 20 %. Another method was developed for determining a common OPP metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in duplicate-diet food. The method consisted of a PLE with methanol followed by liquid-liquid partitioning, derivatization, and GC/MS analysis. Recoveries of TCP ranged from 83 to 101 % for spiked duplicate-diet food samples. The % RSD of replicate food samples was within ± 15 %. The results confirmed that these methods are reliable and robust, and that they can be used in routine analysis. In addition, a storage stability study for a common OPP, chlorpyrifos (CPF), in solid food samples was performed. The fortified 15N-13C-labeled CPF was stable over 16 mo storage at ?20° C in the dark. The developed analytical methods were successfully applied to 278 duplicate-diet food samples from preschool children, demonstrating that these methods are robust and suitable for routine analysis in future exposure monitoring studies. 相似文献
954.
955.
Richard D. Wilson David W. Minnotte 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):761-766
Several existing federal and state provisions act to reduce the cost to in dustry of controlling air pollution. Included are the federal corporate income tax, depreciation allowances, investment credits, small Business Administration loans, Economic Development Administration aid, and state tax laws. These provisions give government assistance to industry amounting to as much as 59 percent of the cost of air pollution control. Numerous bills have been introduced in Congress that would give additional government aid to industry in the form of special across-the-board tax allowances for air pollution control equipment. A typical bill of this type would result in the government bearing an additional 11 percent of these costs. There are several possible objectives for this kind of additional aid; however, none of these seem valid when the amount of present assistance is recognized. From this analysis, it would seem that additional across-the-board tax subsidies for air pollution control equipment are neither required nor advisable. Future studies and/or experience may show certain firms or industries for which air pollution control will be too great a burden and for which additional government assistance is advisable. When such cases are found, legislation should be enacted only after the pros and cons of the various assistance methods are considered. 相似文献
956.
David F. Miller Wm. E. Wilson Jr. Robert G. Kling 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):414-417
An electrochemical instrument of the type commonly used to monitor total oxidants was adapted to measure acid gases such as SO2, HCI, and HCO2H. By using chemical methods of treating the air sample prior to absorption, it is possible to monitor for specific oxidants and acids. Measurements of NO, NOx, and SO2 during smog-chamber experiments were found to be in good agreement with measurements made by other methods. 相似文献
957.
Wm. E. Wilson Jr Arthur Levy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):385-390
There is an appreciable chemical interaction between SO2 and photochemical smog which depends on the concentration of SO2 and water vapor. The rate of decay of SO2 concentration is greatly increased in the presence of photochemical smog. With 0.75 ppm SO2, a light-scattering aerosol is produced in dry systems and systems at 22 and 55% relative humidity (RH). Aerosol is not observed until after the NO2 peak has been reached and the NO concentration has fallen to a very low value. The formation of aerosol corresponds in time to the region of most rapid decrease in the SO2 profile. In systems at 65% RH or with smaller amounts of SO2, no light scattering is observed, but the percentage of SO2 disappearing is greater. In relatively dry systems the presence of SO2 results in a general slowing down of the photochemical smog reactions. In systems containing water vapor concentrations comparable to those found in the atmosphere, the inhibiting influence of SO2 on the smog reaction is less pronounced. However, the maximum concentration of oxidant produced by the photochemical smog reactions is significantly lower when SO2 is present. 相似文献
958.
Robert B. Snyder W. Ira Wilson Irving Johnson Albert A. Jonke 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):975-981
The information presented in this paper is directed to engineers who are involved with environmental emissions from coal conversion plants. Synthetic sorbents were investigated as an alternative to natural sorbents (limestone) for the removal of SO2 from the combustion gas in a fluidized-bed coal combustor. The sulfation rate of a synthetic sorbent, CaO in α-AI2O3, was determined as a function of gas composition, temperature, and calcium concentration in the sorbent. The reaction was found to be diffusion-controlled above 850°C and kinetically controlled at lower temperatures. The physical characteristics of the support material have a major effect oh the sulfation kinetics. Porosity measurements indicated that supports containing large pores (>0.2 µm) produced sorbents having high sulfation rates and that pores with diameters less than 0.2 µm did not contribute significantly to the capture of SO2. The sorbents SrO in α-AI2O3 and BaO in α-AI2O3 had lower SO2 capture rates than did CaO in α-AI2O3. The alkali metal oxide sorbents K2O and Na2O in α-AI2O3 captured SO2 much faster than did the alkaline earth metal oxides. 相似文献
959.
Tim Smith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1017-1020
The Clean Air Act (and proposed Clean Air Act Amendments in H.R. 5252) are addressed relative to quantification of emission data. Six case studies performed for the National Commission on Air Quality (NCAQ) are reviewed. The models used to quantify the amount of emissions needed to meet air quality standards for O3, particulates, and SO2 are reviewed for each case study city. Technical and resource limitations in meeting the Act’s emission inventory requirements for nonattainment plans.and PSD permitting are outlined. 相似文献
960.
David Mage William Wilson Vic Hasselblad Lester Grant 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(11):1280-1291
ABSTRACT Recent epidemiological studies have consistently shown that the acute mortality effects of high concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM), documented in historic air pollution episodes, may also be occurring at the low to moderate concentrations of ambient PM found in modern urban areas. In London in December 1952, the unexpected deaths due to PM exposure could be identified and counted as integers by the coroners. In modern times, the PM-related deaths cannot be as readily identified, and they can only be inferred as fractional average daily increases in mortality rates using sophisticated statistical filtering and analyses of the air quality and mortality data. The causality of the relationship between exposure to ambient PM and acute mortality at these lower modern PM concentrations has been questioned because of a perception that there is little significant correlation in time between the ambient PM concentrations and measured personal exposure to PM from all sources (ambient PM plus indoor-generated PM). This article shows that the critical factor supporting the plausibility of a linear PM mortality relationship is the expected high correlation in time of people's exposure to PM of ambient origin with measured ambient PM concentrations, as used in the epidemiological time series studies. The presence of indoor and personal sources of PM masks this underlying relationship, leading to confusion in the scientific literature about the strong underlying temporal relationship between personal exposure to PM of ambient origin and ambient PM concentration. The authors show that the sources of PM of non-ambient origin operate independently of the ambient PM concentrations, so that the mortality effect of non-ambient PM, if any, must be independent of the effects of the ambient PM exposures. 相似文献