江苏省饮用水源地环境安全保障体系建设研究

从实践“三个代表”重要思想和执政为民的高度,全面分析了江苏省保障饮用水源地环境安全及风险现状,提出了确保饮用水安全的保障体系及政策措施,对加强饮用水源地的用水安全,确保人民身体健康和社会和谐发展都有十分重要的指导意义。     

3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐硝化抑制作用初探

采用室内培养实验的方法,以不加抑制剂的尿素作为对照,对比研究DMPP及它的同分异构体3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐作为硝化抑制剂对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响.结果表明,3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐具有一定的硝化抑制作用.在培养期间,施加3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的土壤中硝态氮的含量一周后始终低于对照,铵态氮的含量一用后始终高于对照.但在培养试验中后期(三周以后),3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐的硝化抑制效果劣于DMPP.3,5-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐能否作为新型硝化抑制剂,还要对它的生理、生态效应等进行进一步的研究.     

Air toxics in Canada measured by the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) program and their relation to ambient air quality guidelines

This study reports ambient concentrations of 63 air toxics that were measured in Canada by the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) program over the period 2009–2013. Measured concentrations are compared with ambient air quality guidelines from Canadian jurisdictions, and compounds that exceeded guidelines are identified and discussed. Although this study does not assess risk or cumulative effects, air toxics that approached guidelines are also identified so that their potential contribution to ambient air toxics pollution can be considered. Eleven air toxics exceeded at least one guideline, and an additional 16 approached guidelines during the study period. Four compounds were measured using methods whose detection limits exceeded a guideline value, three of which could not be compared with guidelines, since they were not detected in any samples. The assessment of several metal(loid) concentrations is tentative, since they were measured only in fine particulate matter (PM) but compared with guidelines based on coarse or total PM. Improvements to sampling and analysis techniques for the latter compounds as well as for those whose methods are subject to known uncertainties would improve confidence in reported concentrations and their relation to applicable guidelines. Analysis of sampling strategies for all compounds found to exceed or approach guidelines would contribute to ensuring that their spatiotemporal coverage is adequate. Examination of the air toxics not measured by NAPS but having guidelines in Canadian jurisdictions or being included in other programs such as the U.S. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA) would contribute to ensuring that the full suite of pollutants relevant to ambient air quality in Canada is subject to adequate study. The results of this study can be applied to evaluating the effectiveness of toxic substances management in Canada.

Implications: Recent measurements of 63 air toxics in Canada by the National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) program showed that 11 compounds exceeded daily or annual ambient air quality guidelines and that an additional 16 compounds approached such guidelines within an order of magnitude. The results of this study can be applied to evaluating the effectiveness of toxic substances management in Canada and to identifying compounds that merit further investigation.     

高氨废水自养半亚硝化过程N2O释放特性

接种普通活性污泥,以人工配制高氨废水为基质。在SBR中通过逐步提高进水氨氮浓度并控制低溶解氧的方法,经过58 d连续运行使出水NO2--N/NH4+-N维持在0.88~1.25,成功实现了半亚硝化的启动。通过对典型周期内氮素转化及N2O释放特性的考察表明:周期内DO浓度基本维持在0.4 mg/L以下,NH4+-N浓度由410.46 mg/L下降至257.26 mg/L。NO2--N浓度由162.90 mg/L升高至295.80 mg/L,NO3--N浓度由27.01 mg/L逐渐升高至50.16 mg/L。pH先由7.94升高到8.01后缓慢降至7.96,溶解性N2O浓度基本维持在0.07 mg/L。初期(0~20 min)气态N2O浓度由0.13 mg/L迅速升至1.13 mg/L后急剧下降到0.34 mg/L,随后缓慢升至0.54 mg/L。初期N2O的平均释放速率高达0.84 mg/min,这主要是上周期沉淀阶段产生并附着在污泥中的N2O受曝气吹脱所致。     

游泳池中隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除

隐孢子虫是常见的球状寄生虫。接触含有隐孢子虫卵囊的水体可致隐孢子虫病,主要的临床表现为腹泻,严重者可致死。游泳池是主要的传播场所。采用容积为5 500 L的游泳池,进行隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的修复模拟实验,研究在游泳池条件下絮凝沙滤技术对直径为4.5μm隐孢子虫卵囊替代物的去除效果。实验结果表明,氯化铝剂量为0.1 mg/L,沙滤料高度为30 cm,内循环流速为11.5 L/min,对隐孢子虫卵囊替代物去除率在90%以上。该技术对浊度具有较好的处理效果,当进水浊度降低且接近于出水浊度时,系统进入稳定运行阶段,对虫卵囊替代物去除率可以达到96%。     

The Kinetics of Catalytic Incineration of Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethyl Disulfide over an MnO/Fe2O3 Catalyst

ABSTRACT

The catalytic incineration of dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide [(CH₃)₂S and (CH₃)₂S₂] over an MnO/Fe₂O₃ catalyst was carried out in a bench-scale catalytic incinerator. Three kinetic models (i.e., the power-rate law, the Mars and Van Krevelen model, and the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model) were used to analyze the results. A differential reactor design was used for best fit of kinetic models in this study. The results show that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model may be feasible to describe the catalytic incineration of (CH₃)₂S and (CH₃)₂S₂. This suggests that the chemical adsorption of O₂ molecules is important in this incineration.     

Volatile organic compound emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils and their relations to bacterial communities: A laboratory study

A laboratory study was conducted to investigate volatile organic compound(VOC) emissions from agricultural soil amended with wheat straw and their associations with bacterial communities for a period of 66 days under non-flooded and flooded conditions. The results indicated that ethene, propene, ethanol, i-propanol, 2-butanol, acetaldehyde, acetone,2-butanone, 2-pentanone and acetophenone were the 10 most abundant VOCs, making up over 90% of the total VOCs released under the two water conditions. The mean emission of total VOCs from the amended soils under the non-flooded condition(5924 ng C/(kg·hr)) was significantly higher than that under the flooded condition(2211 ng C/(kg·hr)). One "peak emission window" appeared at days 0–44 or 4–44, and over 95% of the VOC emissions occurred during the first month under the two water conditions. Bacterial community analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE) showed that a relative increase of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and γ-Proteobacteria but a relative decrease of Acidobacteria with time were observed after straw amendments under the two water conditions. Cluster analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities changed greatly with incubation time, which was in line with the variation of the VOC emissions over the experimental period. Most of the above top 10 VOCs correlated positively with the predominant bacterial species of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia but correlated negatively with the dominant bacterial species of Actinobacteria under the two water conditions. These results suggested that bacterial communities might play an important role in VOC emissions from straw-amended agricultural soils.     

集雨种植下不同沟垄比对土壤呼吸的影响及其对水热因子的响应

为探明不同宽度沟垄集雨种植下土壤呼吸对土壤水热因子的响应机制,对比研究了沟垄比分别为20 cm∶40 cm(P40)、30 cm∶30 cm(P30)、40 cm∶20 cm(P20)的沟垄集雨种植和平作种植(CP)下冬小麦的土壤呼吸动态变化,及其与土壤温度和水分的关系.结果表明,4个处理的土壤呼吸速率在越冬期最低,返青期开始升高,扬花期前后达到峰值,之后逐渐降低.沟垄集雨处理土壤呼吸速率表现为P40P30P20,垄宽增加使呼吸速率提高1.2%~18.4%;苗期和越冬期,沟垄集雨种植提高了土壤呼吸速率,表现为P40P30P20CP,其中苗期3个沟垄集雨处理均显著高于CP(P0.05),越冬期P40处理显著高于CP;苗期和越冬期沟垄集雨种植提高了土壤温度,拔节期至成熟期CP土壤温度高于沟垄集雨处理;沟垄集雨种植能有效蓄水保墒,随着垄宽的增加集雨效果越好,苗期至拔节期降雨稀少,7.6 cm和12 cm土层土壤含水量均表现为P40P30P20CP.相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与温度的相关系数达极显著水平(P0.01),P40和P30的土壤呼吸与水分的相关系数小于P20和CP;水热双因子二次方程模型能解释呼吸变化的61.7%~74.1%,温度指数模型能解释50.3%~68.2%.本研究结果为沟垄集雨种植的生态效益评估提供理论依据.     

直接染料在兼氧条件下的生物降解性能研究

实验分析了6大类14种直接染料在兼氧条件下的降解性能和脱色效果。在未加葡萄糖的实验中,采用不同温度（20℃与35℃）和不同停留时间来测定染料的降解性能。结果表明,35℃下的最佳停留时间为48h,此时的COD。的去除率及脱色均有较好的效果,而在72h的停留时间下,降解效果无明显提升。20℃下最佳停留时间则为72h,此时的COD。去除率及脱色效果与35℃下的结果很接近。在添加葡萄糖的实验中得到结果证实了葡萄糖作为在共代谢作用中的碳源对促进染料的降解起到非常积极的作用。     

污泥基生物炭结构的共焦显微拉曼技术应用

采用共焦显微拉曼光谱仪探索不同热解温度(500~900)℃条件下所制备的污泥基生物炭结构变化的表征方法.结果表明,拉曼信号的荧光干扰与生物炭的理化特性有较强的相关性.随着热解温度升高,拉曼漂移系数减小,这与污泥基生物炭挥发分含量、H/C和O/C比变化趋势一致.其中,漂移系数与挥发分含量和H/C的相关性指数分别是0.97和0.94,其变化规律可用来准确评估生物炭挥发分含量和H/C的变化.同时,生物炭在拉曼光谱中的特征峰强度比D/G随着热解温度升高而增强,代表了污泥基生物炭无序化程度增加的过程.谷区域(V)与D峰强度比IV/ID随热解温度升高而减小,表明具有缺陷的稠合芳环结构的比例增加;另外,经分峰拟合后得到的ID1/IG1变化较小,而ID2/IG2呈增加趋势,证实了小分子侧链基团断裂形成的化合物部分沉积在炭表面,形成缺陷和非晶结构;IG1/IG2随着热解温度升高而减小,表明了炭基材料键角有序与无序比随着热解温度的升高而降低.因此,拉曼光谱可用于表征污泥基生物炭的微观结构变化,反映其结构演变规律.