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排序方式: 共有109条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
Dobson J Gardner M Miller B Jessep M Toft R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》1999,1(1):91-95
This paper reports an approach to the assessment of the validity of environmental monitoring data--a 'data filter'. The strategy has been developed through the UK National Marine Analytical Quality Control (AQC) Scheme for application to data collected for the UK National Marine Monitoring Plan, although the principles described are applicable more widely. The proposed data filter is divided into three components: Part A, 'QA/QC'--an assessment of the laboratory's practices in Quality Assurance/Quality Control; Part B, 'fitness for purpose'--an evaluation of the standard of accuracy that can be demonstrated by activities in (A), in relation to the intended application of the data; and Part C, the overall assessment on which data will be accepted as usable or rejected as being of suspect quality. A pilot application of the proposed approach is reported. The approach described in this paper is intended to formalise the assessment of environmental monitoring data for fitness for a chosen purpose. The issues important to fitness for purpose are discussed and assigned a relative priority order on which to judge the reliability/usefulness of monitoring data. 相似文献
72.
The results of a test of interlaboratory comparability for the determination of copper complexation capacity and copper-ligand complex formation constant are presented. Eight water samples comprising, six natural waters, a synthetic ligand solution and a blank solution were analysed by seven laboratories using their own methods of complexation titration. Given the wide variation that might have been possible, relatively good comparability was demonstrated amongst the variety of methods for determining copper complexation capacity. The complexation capacity data largely satisfied the predefined criterion of agreement to within 50%. This provides support for the use of metal speciation criteria in the regulation of copper in the environment. Data for the determination of complex formation constants were of poorer comparability, ranging between 10(7) and 10(12) for the same water. 相似文献
73.
Keith N. Eshleman Robert H. Gardner Steven W. Seagle Nancy M. Castro Daniel A. Fiscus James R. Webb James N. Galloway Frank A. Deviney Alan T. Herlihy 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,63(1):187-197
The objective of this research project is to develop, test, validate, and demonstrate an analytical framework for assessing regional-scale forest disturbance in the mid-Atlantic region by linking forest disturbance and forest nitrogen export to surface waters at multiple spatial scales. It is hypothesized that excessive nitrogen (N) leakage (export) from forested watersheds is a potentially useful, integrative "indicator" of a negative change in forest function which occurs in synchrony with changes in forest structure and species composition. Our research focuses mainly on forest disturbance associated with recent defoliations by the gypsy moth larva (Lymantria dispar) at spatial scales ranging from small watersheds to the entire Chesapeake Bay watershed. An approach for assessing the magnitude of forest disturbance and its impact on surface water quality will be based on an empirical model relating forest N leakage and gypsy moth defoliation that will be calibrated using data from 25 intensively-monitored forested watersheds in the region and tested using data from more than 60 other forested watersheds in Virginia. Ultimately, the model will be extended to the region using spatially-extensive data describing: 1) the spatial distribution of dominant forest types in the mid-Atlantic region based on both remote sensing imagery and plot-scale vegetation data; 2) the spatial pattern of gypsy moth defoliation of forested areas from aerial mapping; and 3) measurements of dissolved N concentrations in streams from synoptic water quality surveys. 相似文献
74.
75.
Michael Simone-Finstrom Joel Gardner Marla Spivak 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(10):1609-1617
Honeybees harvest and use plant resins in a mixture called propolis to seal cracks and smooth surfaces in the nest architecture.
Resins in the nest may be important in maintaining a healthy colony due to their antimicrobial properties. This study had
two main objectives: (1) Provide initial insight on the learning capabilities of resin foraging honeybees; (2) analyze the
sensitivity of resin foraging honeybees to tactile stimuli to elucidate its possible role as a mechanism behind resin foraging.
The first objective provides insight into the phenotype of these bees as compared to other forager types, while the second
creates a starting point for further work on behavioral mechanisms of resin foraging. Using tactile proboscis extension response
conditioning, we found that resin foragers learned to associate two different tactile stimuli, the presence of a gap between
two plates and a rough sandpaper surface, with a sucrose reward significantly better than pollen foragers. The results of
differential tactile conditioning exhibited no significant difference in the ability of resin foragers to discriminate between
smooth and rough surfaces as compared to pollen foragers. We also determined that the sucrose response thresholds (SRTs) of
returning resin foragers were lower compared to returning pollen foragers, but both resin foragers and pollen foragers learned
a floral odor equally well. This is the first study to examine SRTs and conditioning to tactile and olfactory stimuli with
resin foraging honeybees. The results provide new information and identify areas for future research on resin collectors,
an understudied foraging phenotype. 相似文献
76.
Gardner C. Bent Bruce F Goff Kim G. Rightmire Roy C. Sidle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(2):441-455
ABSTRACT: Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribner and Smith) Gould spp. lanceolaus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate). 相似文献
77.
Why Economics Matters for Endangered Species Protection 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Jason F. Shogren ‡‡‡ John Tschirhart Terry Anderson † Amy Whritenour Ando ‡ Steven R. Beissinger § David Brookshire Gardner M. Brown JR. †† Don Coursey ‡‡ Robert Innes §§ Stephen M. Meyer and Stephan Polasky††† 《Conservation biology》1999,13(6):1257-1261
Abstract: We offer three reasons why economics matters more to species protection than many people think and what this implies for the ongoing debate over the reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Economics matters because (1) human behavior generally, and economic parameters in particular, help determine the degree of risk to a species; (2) in a world of scarce resources, the opportunity cost of species protection—the costs of reduced resources for other worthwhile causes—must be taken into account in decision making; and (3) economic incentives are critical in shaping human behavior, and consequently the recovery of species. Endangered species protection that explicitly addresses these basic principles can avoid wasting valuable resources that yield no gain in species protection. 相似文献
78.
Janie L. Gittleman Author Vitae Paige C. Gardner Author Vitae Author Vitae Julie M. Sampson Author Vitae Author Vitae Erica D. Ermann Author Vitae Author Vitae Peter Y. Chen Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2010,41(3):263-281
Problem
The present study describes a response to eight tragic deaths over an eighteen month times span on a fast track construction project on the largest commercial development project in U.S. history.Methods
Four versions of a survey were distributed to workers, foremen, superintendents, and senior management. In addition to standard Likert-scale safety climate scale items, an open-ended item was included at the end of the survey.Results
Safety climate perceptions differed by job level. Specifically, management perceived a more positive safety climate as compared to workers. Content analysis of the open-ended item was used to identify important safety and health concerns which might have been overlooked with the qualitative portion of the survey.Discussion
The surveys were conducted to understand workforce issues of concern with the aim of improving site safety conditions. Such efforts can require minimal investment of resources and time and result in critical feedback for developing interventions affecting organizational structure, management processes, and communication.Summary
The most important lesson learned was that gauging differences in perception about site safety can provide critical feedback at all levels of a construction organization.Impact on the Industry
Implementation of multi-level organizational perception surveys can identify major safety issues of concern. Feedback, if acted upon, can potentially result in fewer injuries and fatal events. 相似文献79.
Alper Kiziltas Douglas J. Gardner Yousoo Han Han-Seung Yang 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2014,22(3):365-372
In this study, engineering thermoplastic composites were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)-filled nylon 6. MCC were added to nylon 6 using melt mixing to produce compounded pellets. The MCC-filled nylon 6 composites with varying concentrations of MCC (from 2.5 to 30 wt%) were prepared by injection molding. The tensile and flexural properties of the nylon 6 composites were increased significantly with the addition of MCC. The maximum strength and modulus of elasticity for the nylon 6 composites were achieved at a MCC weight fraction of 20 %. The Izod impact strength of composites decreased with the incorporation of MCC without any surface treatments and coupling agent. This observation is quite expected for filled polymer systems and has been commonly observed. There was a strong correlation between density and tensile (r = 0.94) and flexural modulus of elasticity (r = 0.9). MCC filled composites manufactured by injection method had highly uniform density distribution through their thickness. The higher mechanical results with lower density demonstrate that MCC can be used as a sufficient reinforcing material for low cost, eco-friendly composites in the automotive industry especially for under-the-hood applications (engine covers, intake manifolds and radiator end tanks) as well as in other applications such as the building and construction industries, packaging, consumer products etc. 相似文献
80.
J.H. Elwood D.J. Robertson D.G. Gardner R.H. Groth 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1158-1162
This paper is directed to people who are involved in the measurement of gas turbine exhaust emissions and as a consequence in the establishment of standard reference gases and attendant analytical procedures. Several problems exist in connection with the establishment of these standards: A number of standard reference gases have been developed by the National Bureau of Standards for use in the automotive industry which are also suitable for gas turbine exhaust measurements. However, there is a need for additional standard reference materials such as NO in nitrogen, intermediate levels of CO2 in air, and higher concentrations of CO in nitrogen and propane in air. There is difficulty in maintaining certain reference materials with confidence in assay, particularly due to instability in the cylinder. Instrumental operational problems with flame ionization detector type units exist. Of particular importance is the difference in response per carbon atom in different organic molecules and the difference in response of a test sample as a function of the oxygen content of the sample. Instrumental method problems such as converter efficiency in chemiluminescence units measuring NO2 and calibration techniques involving CO to CH4 conversion, also must be considered. A number of problems occur in the use of wet chemical reference methods such as the phenoldisulfonic acid method for the determination of NOx. These include both efficiency of collection, conversion of NO to NO2, and subsequent analysis. This paper considers the development of standards for the measurement of NOx, CO, CO2, total hydrocarbons, and O2 and reviews the state-of-the-art with respect to these problems and their resolution. 相似文献