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541.
Dichomitus squalens efficiently decolorized both Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) at concentrations of 0.5gl(-1) and 3gl(-1) in static and shaken culture and also on solid medium within 14d. The presence of the dyes in the culture medium mostly caused a decrease in biomass production and in growth rate, which was more significant in the case of RBBR. After 14d of cultivation, electron microscopy showed substantial morphological changes in mycelia of D. squalens growing in media containing dyes. The hyphae deformations were more intensively manifested in solid media than in liquid culture. In all the cases, the morphological changes were more prominent in the presence of RBBR. Higher concentrations of both dyes brought about more intensive changes. The toxicity of synthetic dyes Orange G and RBBR was tested using a bioassay based on the growth inhibition of duckweed Lemna minor. Two endpoints such as the number of fronds and their weight were studied during the bioassay. The results showed higher toxicity of RBBR than that of Orange G. The toxicity of both dyes decreased after the decolorization process. 相似文献
542.
Jared A. Grummer Tom R. Booker Remi Matthey-Doret Pirmin Nietlisbach Andréa T. Thomaz Michael C. Whitlock 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13911
With the genetic health of many plant and animal populations deteriorating due to climate change outpacing adaptation, interventions, such as assisted gene flow (AGF), may provide genetic variation necessary for populations to adapt to climate change. We ran genetic simulations to mimic different AGF scenarios in large populations and measured their outcomes on population-level fitness to determine circumstances in which it is worthwhile to perform AGF. In the absence of inbreeding depression, AGF was beneficial within a few generations only when introduced genotypes had much higher fitness than local individuals and traits affecting fitness were controlled by a few genes of large effect. AGF was harmful over short periods (e.g., first ∼10–20 generations) if there was strong outbreeding depression or introduced deleterious genetic variation. When the adaptive trait was controlled by many loci of small effect, the benefits of AGF took over 10 generations to realize—potentially too long for most climate-related management scenarios. The genomic integrity of the recipient population typically remained intact following AGF; the amount of genetic material from the donor population usually constituted no more of the recipient population's genome than the fraction of the population introduced. Significant genomic turnover (e.g., >50% replacement) only occurred when the selective advantage of the adaptive trait and translocation fraction were extremely high. Our results will be useful when adaptive management is used to maintain the genetic health and productivity of large populations under climate change. 相似文献
543.
Because of the significant impacts on both human interests and bird conservation, it is imperative to identify patterns and anticipate drivers of human–bird conflicts (HBCs) worldwide. Through a global systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analyzed the socioeconomic factors and bird ecological traits driving the degree of knowledge and extent of HBCs. We included 166 articles published from 1971 to 2020 in our analyses through which we built a profile of the socioeconomic conditions of 52 countries with reported conflicts and the ecological traits of the 161 bird species involved in HBCs. Although HBC expanded worldwide, it had the greatest impact in less-developed countries (estimate 0. 66 [SE 0.13], p< 0.05), where agriculture is critical for rural livelihoods. Species with a relatively greater conflict extent had a relatively broader diet (estimate 0.80 [SE 0.22], p<0.05) and an increasing population trend (estimate 0.58 [SE 0.15], p<0.05) and affected human interests, such as agriculture and livestock raising. In countries with greater biodiversity, HBCs caused greater socioeconomic impacts than in more developed countries. Our results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing HBCs from multiple perspectives (ecological, sociocultural, and political) to effectively protect both biodiversity and local livelihoods. 相似文献