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101.
System innovations and transitions in the realm of sustainable consumption policies will seldom emerge automatically from the present socio-political and socio-technical contexts. This paper explores a set of perspectives related to the governance of transitions and develops their application to the relatively unexplored governance of sustainable consumption transitions. Empirical material stems from an extensive case study which analyses a food consumption niche in the form of collectively organised local food systems (LFS) in Belgium. More specifically, we analyse and discuss the institutional contexts and socio-political configurations within which the investigated system innovation cases are embedded. The results explore the role of governmental interplay in fostering innovative consumption practices for a transition towards a more sustainable, autonomous, citizen-based, LFS. 相似文献
102.
Maarten Bavinck Leo de Klerk Felice van der Plaat Jorik Ravesteijn Dominique Angel Hendrik Arendsen Tom van Dijk Iris de Hoog Ant van Koolwijk Stijn Tuijtel Benjamin Zuurendonk 《Disasters》2015,39(3):592-609
The tsunami that struck the coasts of India on 26 December 2004 resulted in the large‐scale destruction of fisher habitations. The post‐tsunami rehabilitation effort in Tamil Nadu was directed towards relocating fisher settlements in the interior. This paper discusses the outcomes of a study on the social effects of relocation in a sample of nine communities along the Coromandel Coast. It concludes that, although the participation of fishing communities in house design and in allocation procedures has been limited, many fisher households are satisfied with the quality of the facilities. The distance of the new settlements to the shore, however, is regarded as an impediment to engaging in the fishing profession, and many fishers are actually moving back to their old locations. This raises questions as to the direction of coastal zone policy in India, as well as to the weight accorded to safety (and other coastal development interests) vis‐à‐vis the livelihood needs of fishers. 相似文献
103.
Impact of payments for environmental services and protected areas on local livelihoods and forest conservation in northern Cambodia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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The potential impacts of payments for environmental services (PES) and protected areas (PAs) on environmental outcomes and local livelihoods in developing countries are contentious and have been widely debated. The available evidence is sparse, with few rigorous evaluations of the environmental and social impacts of PAs and particularly of PES. We measured the impacts on forests and human well‐being of three different PES programs instituted within two PAs in northern Cambodia, using a panel of intervention villages and matched controls. Both PES and PAs delivered additional environmental outcomes relative to the counterfactual: reducing deforestation rates significantly relative to controls. PAs increased security of access to land and forest resources for local households, benefiting forest resource users but restricting households’ ability to expand and diversify their agriculture. The impacts of PES on household well‐being were related to the magnitude of the payments provided. The two higher paying market‐linked PES programs had significant positive impacts, whereas a lower paying program that targeted biodiversity protection had no detectable effect on livelihoods, despite its positive environmental outcomes. Households that signed up for the higher paying PES programs, however, typically needed more capital assets; hence, they were less poor and more food secure than other villagers. Therefore, whereas the impacts of PAs on household well‐being were limited overall and varied between livelihood strategies, the PES programs had significant positive impacts on livelihoods for those that could afford to participate. Our results are consistent with theories that PES, when designed appropriately, can be a powerful new tool for delivering conservation goals whilst benefiting local people. 相似文献
104.
Hermans C Erickson J Noordewier T Sheldon A Kline M 《Journal of environmental management》2007,84(4):534-546
Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) provides a well-established family of decision tools to aid stakeholder groups in arriving at collective decisions. MCDA can also function as a framework for the social learning process, serving as an educational aid in decision problems characterized by a high level of public participation. In this paper, the framework and results of a structured decision process using the outranking MCDA methodology preference ranking organization method of enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) are presented. PROMETHEE is used to frame multi-stakeholder discussions of river management alternatives for the Upper White River of Central Vermont, in the northeastern United States. Stakeholders met over 10 months to create a shared vision of an ideal river and its services to communities, develop a list of criteria by which to evaluate river management alternatives, and elicit preferences to rank and compare individual and group preferences. The MCDA procedure helped to frame a group process that made stakeholder preferences explicit and substantive discussions about long-term river management possible. 相似文献
105.
Using GIS to Generate Spatially Balanced Random Survey Designs for Natural Resource Applications 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theobald DM Stevens DL White D Urquhart NS Olsen AR Norman JB 《Environmental management》2007,40(1):134-146
Sampling of a population is frequently required to understand trends and patterns in natural resource management because financial
and time constraints preclude a complete census. A rigorous probability-based survey design specifies where to sample so that
inferences from the sample apply to the entire population. Probability survey designs should be used in natural resource and
environmental management situations because they provide the mathematical foundation for statistical inference. Development
of long-term monitoring designs demand survey designs that achieve statistical rigor and are efficient but remain flexible
to inevitable logistical or practical constraints during field data collection. Here we describe an approach to probability-based
survey design, called the Reversed Randomized Quadrant-Recursive Raster, based on the concept of spatially balanced sampling
and implemented in a geographic information system. This provides environmental managers a practical tool to generate flexible
and efficient survey designs for natural resource applications. Factors commonly used to modify sampling intensity, such as
categories, gradients, or accessibility, can be readily incorporated into the spatially balanced sample design. 相似文献
106.
An Interpretive Study of Yosemite National Park Visitors’ Perspectives Toward Alternative Transportation in Yosemite Valley 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
White DD 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):50-62
The National Park Service (NPS) is increasingly focusing on alternative transportation systems in national parks to address
environmental and social problems arising from a historical reliance on personal automobiles as the primary means of visitor
access. Despite the potential advantages, alternative transportation may require a reorientation in the way that Americans
have experienced national parks since the advent of auto-tourism in the early twentieth century. Little research exists, however,
on visitor perspectives towards alternative transportation or the rationale underlying their perspectives. It remains unclear
how transportation systems affect visitors’ experiences of the park landscape or the factors influencing their travel behavior
in the parks. This report presents an interpretive study of visitor perspectives toward transportation management in the Yosemite
Valley area of Yosemite National Park, California. Qualitative analysis of 160 semi-structured interviews identified individual
psychological factors as well as situational influences that affect visitors’ behavior and perspectives. Individual psychological
factors include perceived freedom, environmental values and beliefs, prior experience with Yosemite National Park and other
national parks, prior experience with alternative transportation in national parks, and sensitivity to subjective perceptions
of crowding. Situational factors included convenience, access, and flexibility of travel modes, as well as type of visit,
type of group, and park use level. Interpretive communication designed to encourage voluntary visitor use of alternative transportation
should focus on these psychological and situational factors. Although challenges remain, the results of this study suggest
approaches for shaping the way Americans visit and experience their national parks to encourage environmental sustainability. 相似文献
107.
Tom Erik Julsrud 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2014,16(3):401-417
AbstractSignificant differences in our mobility patterns can be found in relation to both range/distance and form. While some people travel on multiple occasions to global destinations over the course of a year, others travel mainly locally, that is, by bicycle or on foot. Policymakers and planners need to have a clear conception of the different mobility patterns if they are to develop valid and precise measures promoting more sustainable forms of mobility. This paper points to five key mobility types based on an exploratory cluster analysis of approximately 20,000 Norwegian travel diaries. Three of the defined groups are dominated by the private car, while two are oriented towards the use of public transport, bicycling and walking. The key differences and similarities between the mobility types are discussed and the relationship between everyday travel patterns and long-distance travel is analysed. Opportunities and challenges for transformations in the everyday travel habits of the five groups are discussed in the final section. 相似文献
108.
Carol M. Werner Paul H. White Sari Byerly Robert Stoll 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009,29(2):193-202
Two experiments examined clinical validation's ability to increase examination of a persuasive message and increase long-term recycling. In Experiment 1, validating (acknowledging) recycling's inconvenience decreased criticism of the persuasive message, supporting validation's ability to reduce reactance and open the reader to new ideas. Validation did not improve attitudes towards the sign's author, removing liking for the communicator as an alternate explanation for attitude change. In Experiment 2, different recycling signs were created from a 2(no validation/validation) by 2(weak/strong arguments) factorial design, and placed in university buildings. The validation weak sign increased recycling more than the validation strong sign, especially after the signs were removed. We suggest that validation induced people to scrutinize the weak message and use their existing pro-recycling attitudes to “creatively elaborate” it. Discussion emphasizes clinical validation and the Elaboration Likelihood Model as theoretical tools, as well as the potential for thought provoking signs to have long-term effects. 相似文献
109.
Rosalind Pratt Jan Deprest Tom Vercauteren Sebastien Ourselin Anna L. David 《黑龙江环境通报》2015,35(12):1159-1166
Fetal surgery has become a clinical reality, with interventions for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and spina bifida demonstrated to improve outcome. Fetal imaging is evolving, with the use of 3D ultrasound and fetal MRI becoming more common in clinical practise. Medical imaging analysis is also changing, with technology being developed to assist surgeons by creating 3D virtual models that improve understanding of complex anatomy, and prove powerful tools in surgical planning and intraoperative guidance. We introduce the concept of computer-assisted surgical planning, and present the results of a systematic review of image reconstruction for fetal surgical planning that identified six articles using such technology. Indications from other specialities suggest a benefit of surgical planning and guidance to improve outcomes. There is therefore an urgent need to develop fetal-specific technology in order to improve fetal surgical outcome. © 2015 The Authors. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Roland Goetgeluk Tom Kauko Hugo Priemus 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2005,48(1):103-120
As a result of climate changes, more land is now needed in the Netherlands for water retention in towns and the countryside. Recently, this perceived need has resulted in new forms of water management and spatial planning strategies. Multi-functional land use is an option such as housing in combination with retention lakes. Some argue that the market potential is high and that water has an added value in residential environments. This added value could be used to compensate for non-profitable investments such as the creation of lakes. The key question is how to value this amenity. It is argued that non-economists often assume that a valuation is just a technique. The authors challenge this by presenting an overview of economic perspectives as well as techniques. A literature review reveals the main valuation perspectives and suggests estimated added values of 10‐15% for the seashore, 5‐10% for river locations (streams), and 5% for lakes. 相似文献