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161.
Tony Jones 《Local Environment》1996,1(1):87-106
Local authorities are increasingly undertaking policy initiatives which aim to achieve local sustainability. Indeed, the rapid development in this area since its first tentative steps in the late 1980s is very impressive. However, it is legitimate to question whether any real progress has been made in improving local environmental conditions. This is almost impossible to determine as very few have translated policy rhetoric into measurable environmental achievement. Although the development of sustainability indicators will, in the long term, provide some means of measuring success, few authorities have the necessary precursor for its achievement in place: performance-based environmental programmes. This important stage of development has been all but missed in the rush for national and international credibility, often at the expense of local communities and their environment rather than for their benefit. This paper examines the activities of one local authority, the London Borough of Hackney, and its efforts to translate policy principals into practical Action for the Environment through the mechanism of performance review. It is concluded that performance review has a valuable role to play in achieving environmental improvements to help move society towards sustainability but, like any mechanism, there are limitations in its use which need to be acknowledged if it is to be used effectively. These are explored in detail in the paper in the hope that they assist others when developing similar performance-based environmental programmes. 相似文献
162.
Key goals of conservation are to protect both species and the functional and genetic diversity they represent. A strictly species-based approach may underrepresent rare, threatened, or genetically distinct species and overrepresent widespread species. Although reserves are created for a number of reasons, including economic, cultural, and ecological reasons, their efficacy has been measured primarily in terms of how well species richness is protected, and it is useful to compare how well they protect other measures of diversity. We used Proteaceae species-occurrence data in the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa to illustrate differences in the spatial distribution of species and evolutionary diversity estimated from a new maximum-likelihood molecular phylogeny. We calculated species richness, phylogenetic diversity (i.e., summed phylogenetic branch lengths in a site), and a site-aggregated measure of biogeographically weighted evolutionary distinctiveness (i.e., an abundance weighted measure that captures the unique proportion of the phylogenetic tree a species represents) for sites throughout the Cape Floristic Region. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity values were highly correlated for sites in the region, but species richness was concentrated at a few sites that underrepresented the much more spatially extensive distribution of phylogenetic diversity. Biogeographically weighted evolutionary diversity produced a scheme of prioritization distinct from the other 2 metrics and highlighted southern sites as conservation priorities. In these sites, the high values of biogeographically weighted evolutionary distinctiveness were the result of a nonrandom relation between evolutionary distinctiveness and geographical rarity, where rare species also tended to have high levels of evolutionary distinctiveness. Such distinct and rare species are of particular concern, but are not captured by conservation schemes that focus on species richness or phylogenetic diversity alone. 相似文献
163.
Walker TR Habeck JO Karjalainen TP Virtanen T Solovieva N Jones V Kuhry P Ponomarev VI Mikkola K Nikula A Patova E Crittenden PD Young SD Ingold T 《Ambio》2006,35(5):220-228
Using interdisciplinary field research in the Usa Basin, northeast European Russia, we compared local inhabitants' perception of environmental problems with chemical and remote-sensing signatures of environmental pollution and their local impacts. Extensive coal mining since the 1930s around Inta and Vorkuta has left a legacy of pollution, detected by measuring snowpack, topsoil, and lichen chemistry, together with remote-sensing techniques and analysis of lake water and sediments. Vorkuta and its environs suffered the worst impacts, with significant metal loading and alkalization in lakes and topsoils, elevated metals and cations in terricolous (reindeer) lichens, and changes in vegetation communities. Although the coal industry has declined recently, the area boasts a booming oil and gas industry, based around Usinsk. Local perceptions and concerns of environmental pollution and protection were higher in Usinsk, as a result of increased awareness after a major oil spill in 1994, compared with Vorkuta's inhabitants, who perceived air pollution as the primary environmental threat. Our studies indicate that the principal sources of atmospheric emissions and local deposition within 25 to 40 km of Vorkuta were coal combustion from power and heating plants, coal mines, and a cement factory. Local people evaluated air pollution from direct observations and personal experiences, such as discoloration of snow and respiratory problems, whereas scientific knowledge played a minor role in shaping these perceptions. 相似文献
164.
165.
Interactive effects of water and controlled release urea on nitrogen metabolism,accumulation, translocation,and yield in summer maize 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Guanghao?Li Bin?ZhaoEmail author Shuting?DongEmail author Jiwang?Zhang Peng?Liu Tony?J.?Vyn 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2017,104(9-10):72
To investigate the interactive effects of water and N from controlled release urea (CRU) on N metabolism, accumulation, translocation, and yield in Zhengdan958 (a summer maize cultivar planted widely in China), three water levels (adequate water W3, mild water stress W2, severe water stress W1) and four amounts of CRU (N) (N0, N1, N2, and N3 were 0, 105, 210, and 315 kg N ha?1, respectively) were carried out under the waterproof shed and soil column conditions. The results showed that yield, N metabolism, accumulation, and translocation were significantly affected by water, CRU, and their interactions after tasseling. Yields showed an increasing trend in response to N rates from 100.2 to 128.8 g plant?1 under severe water stress (W1), from 124.7 to 174.6 g plant?1 under mild water stress (W2), and from 143.7 to 177.0 g plant?1 under adequate water conditions (W3). There was an associated optimum amount of N for each water level. Under W1 and W2, N3 treatments showed significant advantages in three N metabolism enzymes’ activities and the N accumulations, and yield and its components were highest. But the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) of N3 had no significant difference with other nitrogen treatments. Under W3, the N translocation efficiency (NTE) and N translocation conversion rate (NTCR) of N2 in stem and leaf were higher than those of N3, but the N metabolism enzymes’ activities and yields of N2 and N3 had no significant difference, which indicated that N2 was superior to N3. The N3 treatment under W2 and N2 under W3 increased the N accumulation capacity in maize grain as well as the N translocation to grain that contributed to the increase of 1000-gain weight and grains per ear after tasseling. Under this experimental condition, a CRU rate of 225 kg ha?1 was the best treatment when the soil moisture content was 75 ± 5% of field capacity, but an N rate of 300 kg ha?1 was superior when soil moisture content was maintained at 55 ± 5% of field capacity during the entire growing season. 相似文献
166.
Polyporus sp. S133, a fungus collected from contaminated soil, was used to degrade phenanthrene, a polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon, in a mineral salt broth liquid culture. A maximal degradation rate (92%) was obtained when Polyporus sp. S133
was cultured for 30 days with agitation at 120 r/min, as compared to 44% degradation in non-agitated cultures. Furthermore, the
degradation was a ected by the addition of surfactants. Tween 80 was the most suitable surfactant for the degradation of phenanthrene
by Polyporus sp. S133. The degradation rate increased as the amount of Tween 80 added increased. The rate in agitated cultures was
about 2 times that in non-agitated cultures. The mechanism of degradation was determined through the identification of metabolites;
9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 2,2’-diphenic acid, phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid. Several enzymes (manganese peroxidase, lignin
peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase) produced by Polyporus sp. S133 were detected during the incubation. The
highest level of activity was shown by 1,2-dioxygenase (187.4 U/L) after 20 days of culture. 相似文献