Performances of mesophilic anaerobic digestion systems treating poultry mortalities

Abstract

A closed‐loop anaerobic digestion system consisting of a leachbed (LB) and an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was tested as an alternative for the disposal of poultry mortalities. This paper compares the performances of three LB‐UASB treatment systems with different initial moisture contents in the LBs. Each LB was loaded with one chicken and 5, 10 or 18 liters of water. The LBs initially carried out the hydrolysis/acidification phase while the UASBs the methanogenesis phase. Due to repeated inoculation by the UASBs, the LBs with 10 and 18 liters of water started producing methane on day 5, while the one with 5 liters of water on day 19. However, methane production rates were low before day 40 for the LB with 10 liters of water and day 60 for the other LBs. Methane production gradually improved as the LBs continued to receive ungranulated sludge from the UASBs. The LBs eventually became balanced methane reactors. Continued balanced fermentation in the LBs resulted in leachates with very low substrate concentrations that could no longer support high‐rate methanogenesis in the UASBs. Consequently, methane production rates from the UASBs decreased quickly while that from the LBs reached peak levels. Cumulative methane production from each LB eventually exceeded that from its connecting UASB. After 118 days of digestion, 414, 437 and 470 liters of methane were produced from the three systems, respectively. Cumulative methane production from the LBs with 5 and 18 liters of water accounted for 63% of the total methane produced from their respective systems. The LB with 10 liters of water produced 75% of the total methane from that system. Methane yields ranged from 0.485 to 0.554 m³ (Kg TS) ¹. About 86% of the initial dry weight was biodegraded. All three systems performed very well with little operational problems. Overall, the system that started with 10 liters of water in the LB performed the best. Strategy for enhancing system performances and implementing farm applications are discussed.     

Biochemical effects of some organo‐phosphorus insecticides on new targets in white rats

Abstract

The three S‐n‐propyl phosphates and phosphothioates: RH 218, profenofos and prothiophos were compared with fenitrothion in their potential as inhibitors of rat liver and brain AChE. Fenitrothion was more potent as an inhibitor than the three S‐n‐propyl derivatives. Incubation of hepatic protein enhanced ChE inhibition in brain in the case of fenitrothion, while it reduced the inhibitory effect of the S‐n‐propyl derivatives. On the other hand, the four organophosphorus esters caused hypoglycemia in both male and female rats and also reduced their blood urea with different degrees.     

火焰原子吸收光度法测定水中铝的方法改进

研究了在盐酸介质中，壬基酚聚氧乙烯-7醚（NP-7）活化下，火焰原子吸收光度法测定环境水体中铝的方法改进。在25mL容量瓶中，加入5．0mL体积分数为50％的盐酸、2．0mL质量浓度为0．01g／mL NP-7和4．0mL质量浓度为75．0μg/mL的铝标准溶液，在原子吸收分光光度计的最佳测定条件下测定吸光度。根据吸光度与铝质量浓度绘制了工作曲线，线性范围3．0～24．0μg/mL，检出限1．32μg/mL。该法用于环境水体中铝含量的测定，加标回收率为94．4％～101．4％，最大相对标准偏差5．8％，方法对比最大相对误差4．1％。     

陕西省1990年自然灾害和救灾工作回顾：兼谈1991年减灾对策

本文在回顾1990年陕西省灾情及救灾工作基础上,提出了强化政府在减灾中的职能,搞好灾情预测预报、及早制定防灾预案及灾前准备工作的减灾对策。     

Prenatal diagnosis of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter: clinical presentations and outcomes

We present the case of a pregnant woman with low free β-HCG in maternal serum Down syndrome screening that led to prenatal diagnosis of a fetus with 46,XY,der(4)t(4;11)(p14; q25). This chromosomal aneuploidy resulted from unbalanced segregation of a paternal balanced translocation, t(4;11)(p14;q25). Prenatal ultrasound revealed intrauterine growth restriction, cleft lip and palate, a thick nuchal fold, a single umbilical artery, and pyelectasis. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization and short tandem repeat markers further located the exact breakpoint of translocation. The woman had her pregnancy terminated at 23 weeks of gestational age. The proband had general appearance of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome and some unique findings, including single umbilical artery, severe immunoglobulin deficiency, scalp defect, and underlying bony defect. Our case underscores the importance of fetal karyotyping when low maternal serum free β-HCG is found. It also adds information on the fetal presentations of monosomy 4p14→pter and trisomy 11q25→qter. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Composting of vegetable waste.

The effects of the aeration, seeding, and agitation on the composting of vegetable waste were studied in a laboratory-scale reactor. Experimental results showed that the final product at the end of a 4-day composting period met multiple maturity indices suggested by many researchers. The evolution of carbon dioxide during the composting process could be modelled with a modified Gompertz equation that described the bacteria growth successfully. Multivariate regression analysis was used to study the effects of operating parameters on the carbon conversion. The response surface contour plots were constructed using the regression equation for the examination of the dependence of carbon conversion on operating parameters. The maximum carbon conversion of 14.54% was obtained when the percentage of seeding was set at 14.5%, the air suction rate was set at 2.6 L kg(-1) dry-solid min(-1), and the agitator operated half of the time, alternating on and off for every 5 min. Future work will focus on the application of the data and the experience gained in this work to composters of pilot and semi-commercial scales.     

“固化赤泥-人工膜”复合防渗材料研究

赤泥本身具有良好的防渗性能,加入石灰作为激发剂,更可提高其防渗性。根据《土工合成材料测试手册》和GB/T 50123—1999《土工试验方法标准》进行渗透试验,结果表明:室内试验在赤泥中加入8%石灰,并夹一层人工防渗膜形成的复合防渗材料,在固化28 d后,其渗透系数可达(7.3～7.4)×10-9 cm/s。在工业试验中,夹入不同厚度和质地的人工防渗膜的石灰(8%)固化赤泥,渗透系数可达到6.32×10-9～1.89×10-7 cm/s。研究成果在中原某铝厂赤泥堆场防渗工程中得到了应用。     

内配燃料垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理实验研究

研究了一种垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结无害化处理的工艺,该工艺是将飞灰与不同比例煤粉混合并添加助熔剂进行造粒烧结。通过对试样进行热流和热重测量,分析了飞灰试样在加热过程中热重变化的规律,并利用XRD、扫描电镜、氮吸附分析仪等仪器分析手段对烧结试样的物相、微观形态和孔隙特性等物理化学性质进行了研究。最后采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪对烧结试样重金属浸出性进行了分析。实验结果为飞灰烧结炉的设计和内配燃料烧结工艺运行参数的制定提供了依据。     

太湖湖表反照率时空特征及影响因子

湖表反照率是影响水-气界面能量平衡和水体内部光温环境的重要因子,受到太阳高度角、云量、风速和水质等环境因子的多重影响.基于太湖中尺度涡度通量网4个涡度通量观测站点(梅梁湾、大浦口、避风港和小雷山)的辐射和风速资料,结合晴空指数和水质数据,分析上述因子对太湖湖表反照率的影响及太湖湖表反照率空间差异的原因.主要结果为:太阳高度角是控制湖表反照率日变化、季节变化的主要因子;太阳高度角低于35°且当晴空指数在0~0.1和0.4~0.6之间时湖表反照率出现高值.反照率值呈现随风速、浊度和叶绿素a浓度升高而增大的趋势,而风浪通过影响浅水湖泊浊度、叶绿素a浓度从而间接影响湖表反照率.各站点湖表反照率关系为:小雷山避风港大浦口梅梁湾,其中小雷山站位于草型和藻型湖区过渡区而梅梁湾站位于藻型湖区.反照率与叶绿素a浓度水平之间的关系对蓝藻暴发及其严重程度并不敏感.本研究为湖体反照率的参数化过程提供参考依据.