Reactions of compost-derived humic substances with lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc

Thermodynamic stability constants of the formation of complexes from the reactions of humic substances with various metals are usually used as parameters to judge the reactivities of both humic substances and metals. However, in calculating the thermodynamic stability constants, complicated processes for the acquisition of activities of components in reactions are absolutely inevitable. In this study, we investigated the average conditional concentration quotients of the complexes formed from the reaction of metals with humic substances and the relations of these quotients to thermodynamic stability constants. The characterized humic substances including HA (MW>1,000), FA (MW>1,000), and FA (MW<1,000) extracted from a swine compost were prepared to react with Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 25 degrees C and at pH 4.00 and 6.50. Reactions of HA (MW>1,000), FA (MW>1,000), and FA (MW<1,000) with the four metals were carried out at 1:0.1, 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 ligand:metal stoichiometry. The concentrations of the free ions of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn in the reaction systems of metal-HA suspensions and metal-FA solutions were measured by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The sequence of the average conditional concentration quotients of the formed complexes from the reaction of humic substances with metals was FA(MW<1,000)>FA(MW>1,000)>HA(MW>1,000), showing the relative reactivities of the fractions of swine compost-derived humic substances. The sequence of reacting metals with humic substances was Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn, which is in good agreement with the sequence reported by judging the thermodynamic stability constants. The average conditional concentration quotients of the formed complexes from the reaction of humic substances with metals were thus useful parameters that can be directly related to thermodynamic stability constants and other parameters.     

共存物质对重金属絮凝齐MCC除镉性能的影响

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围,以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC）,研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响,探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明,Na＋、Cl-、N03、F-、SO4 2-的存在对MCC除Cd2＋均有促进作用,Ca2＋表现为明显的抑制作用;低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用,随着EDTA浓度的增大,逐渐转为抑制作用;低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd2＋有显著的促进作用;在一定范围内,浊度可促进MCC对Cd2＋的去除;絮体间空隙越多,絮体分形维数越小,除镉效果越好。     

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Asia: a review from 1999 to 2004

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present in both gaseous and particulate phases. These compounds are considered to be atmospheric contaminants and are human carcinogens. Many studies have monitored atmospheric particulate and gaseous phases of PAH in Asia over the past 5 years. This work compares and discusses different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods. The main PAH sources are traffic exhausts (AcPy, FL, Flu, PA, Pyr, CHR, BeP) and industrial emissions (BaP, BaA, PER, BeP, COR, CYC). PAH concentrations are highest in areas of traffic, followed by the urban sites, and lowest in rural sites. Meteorological conditions, such as temperature, wind speed and humidity, strongly affect PAH concentrations at all sampling sites. This work elucidates the characteristics, sources and distribution, and the healthy impacts of atmospheric PAH species in Asia.     

Cytotoxicity and DNA damage of five organophosphorus pesticides mediated by oxidative stress in PC12 cells and protection by vitamin E

Previous studies have demonstrated that pesticides could induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro, and that oxidative stress may be an important factor involved. However, investigations comparing the capability of different organophosphorous (OP) compounds to induce cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress are limited. Hence, the aim of this paper was to access the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of five OPs or metabolites, Acephate (ACE), Methamidophos (MET), Chloramidophos (CHL), Malathion (MAT) and Malaoxon (MAO), and to clarify the role of oxidative stress, using PC12 cells. The results demonstrated that MET, MAT and MAO caused significant inhibition of cell viability and increased DNA damage in PC12 cells at 40 mg L^?1. MAO was more toxic than the other OPs. ACE, MET, MAT and MAO increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) at 20 mg L^?1 and 40 mg L^?1 to different degrees. Pre-treatment with vitamin E(600 μM)caused a significant attenuation in the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect; pre-treatment reversed subsequent OP-induced elevation of peroxidation products and the decline of anti-oxidant enzyme activities. These results indicate that oxidative damage is likely to be an initiating event that contributes to the OP-induced cytotoxicity.     

生物炭/铁酸镧磁性复合材料的制备及对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能

为获得吸附性能良好、便于回收利用的新型吸附剂以处理染料废水,采用超声辅助溶胶-凝胶法将铁酸镧(LaFeO_3)经过一步热解负载于生物炭制得生物炭/LaFeO_3磁性复合材料(BC/FL)。其表面形态、结构和组成分析表明:BC/FL的比表面积、总孔容及平均孔径分别为34.67m2/g、0.041cm3/g和7.82nm,磁饱和强度达到40.283A/m,表面含有C=O、C=C=N、C≡C等官能团。批量吸附实验表明,25℃下,当亚甲基蓝(MB)的初始质量浓度为30mg/L时,BC/FL的最佳投加量为1.5g/L,吸附反应在120min达到平衡,去除率可达92.3%,且吸附效果基本不受pH影响。BC/FL对MB的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,Langmuir模型可描述其等温吸附过程。化学吸附占主导地位,主要机理为静电吸附、氢键和π-π共轭作用。吸附反应为单分子层吸附且为自发的吸热过程。     

氯甲烷与偶氮染料混合废水的超声脱色

使用40 kHz超声(US)脱色氯甲烷(包括CCl4、CHCl3和CH2Cl2)与偶氮染料(包括甲基橙与铬黑T)混合模拟废水,考察了氯甲烷初始浓度对偶氮染料超声脱色和TOC去除的影响.结果表明:偶氮染料的单独超声脱色速率很慢;而在CCl4与CHCl3存在时超声能使偶氮染料短时间内脱色至无色,但对其TOC的超声去除促进作...     

共存物质对重金属絮凝剂 MCC 除镉性能的影响简

为进一步拓展天然高分子絮凝剂壳聚糖的应用范围,以壳聚糖、L-半胱氨酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应制备一种具有重金属捕集功能的高分子重金属絮凝剂-2-氨基-3-巯基丙酰壳聚糖（MCC）,研究了水体中常见的阴阳离子、有机配位剂及浊度对MCC除镉性能的影响,探讨了絮体形貌与絮体分形维数及絮凝除镉效果间的关系。结果表明,Na⁺、Cl^-、NO₃^-、F^-、SO₄^2-的存在对MCC除Cd²⁺均有促进作用,Ca²⁺表现为明显的抑制作用;低浓度的EDTA对除镉有促进作用,随着EDTA浓度的增大,逐渐转为抑制作用;低浓度的腐殖酸对MCC去除Cd²⁺有显著的促进作用;在一定范围内,浊度可促进 MCC对Cd²⁺的去除;絮体间空隙越多,絮体分形维数越小,除镉效果越好。     

Atmospheric bulk deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the vicinity of an iron and steel making plant

An IRA-743 resin bulk sampler was validated to monitor long-term bulk deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Six consecutive sampling campaigns (2008-2009) were conducted at four sites around steel complexes in Pohang, South Korea to investigate spatial and seasonal variations of PCDD/F bulk deposition. The bulk deposition within the steel complex showed the highest ∑_4-8PCDD/F (Tetra-Octa) fluxes, ranging from 204 to 608 (mean: 352) pg m⁻² d⁻¹, indicating steel complexes were major sources of PCDD/Fs. The homologue profiles were dominated with lower chlorinated PCDFs. Furthermore, the prevailing winds were confirmed to influence the spatial distribution of PCDD/F deposition. There were apparent seasonal variations of the bulk deposition at each site, and seasonal homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs were clearly observed. According to the passive air sampling, however, no significant seasonal change of ambient air concentrations of PCDD/Fs was observed. Therefore, it was concluded that the seasonal variations of deposition fluxes of PCDD/Fs probably resulted from temperature-dependent gas/particle partitioning.     

微生物絮凝剂有效真菌的筛选

通过真菌培养基（马铃薯培养基），对旱田土壤和活性污泥中的微生物进行筛选分离，得到3株絮凝率超过67％的菌株，其中絮凝率超过75％的高絮凝活性菌株1株——MZ52。将MZ52在产絮凝剂的培养基中进行发酵培养后，对1000mg／L高岭土悬浮液絮凝，得出MZ52菌产絮凝剂最佳培养条件，分别为摇床转速160r／min，培养时间90h，初始pH值为8．0，培养温度为40℃。     

化工反应装置危险性分析模式的研究

从近年来化工企业的安全生产事故可以看出,化工生产由于其自身的特点,具有较大的火灾爆炸危险性,因此,正确地对化工企业生产的危险性进行分析,对准确地评价化工企业的安全生产状况非常重要.针对化工企业的安全生产特点,提出了一种针对化工反应装置的危险性分析模式,不仅考虑了生产原料及工艺设备,同时也对工艺过程进行了危险性分析.应用实例表明,该模式对于化工装置的危险性分析具有较强的针对性和可靠性.