用直接加热代替水浴加热测定高锰酸盐指数

在地表水高锰酸盐指数酸性法分析中,通过对2种加热方法的实验对比,结果表明,直接加热法具有省时、省力,且精密度、准确度均能满足环境监测规范要求等优点,特别适用于大批量样品分析。     

论环境监测站在污染源监测中的作用

对环保局所属监测站在污染源监测管理中的作用、监测市场化运作及地位与作为等方面进行了探讨。     

A Routing and Scheduling System for Infectious Waste Collection

Most hospitals and clinics in Taiwan do not have on-site treatment facilities for their infectious waste and must rely on outside agencies for their collection and treatment. The problem of optimally routing and scheduling the collection of medical waste from a disperse group of facilities is recognized as a periodic vehicle routing problem. This study develops a computer system to solve the resulting optimization problem based on a two-phased approach proposed earlier. The first phase solves a standard vehicle routing problem to determine a set of individual routes for the collection vehicles. The second phase uses a mixed integer programming method to assign routes to particular days of the week. The computer system is user-friendly and consists of several Visual Basic programs while the geographical information system is incorporated to facilitate input and output interface and database management. An illustrative example for the infectious waste of 348 hospitals in the Tainan City area demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.     

Optimal strategies for best management practice placement in a synthetic watershed

It is significant to arrange suitable design and placement of best management practices (BMPs) for reaching the aim that can not only satisfy environmental quality standards, but also decrease the total cost of BMPs. This study applied WinVAST model to predict watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss both the economic costs and benefits of BMPs and the control efficiency of discharge and pollutant exports, and to create some suitable standards for the optimal BMPs placement strategies. It is significant to find an optimal number and location of BMPs. In the case study herein, the number of BMPs including a detention pond and a grassy swale would be better to be given by four. The number of BMPs should also be determined by the environmental standards. Moreover, the result shows that the optimal location of BMPs placement is in the downstream area near the outlet and on the mainstream of the catchment. When the BMPs are set in these regions, it cannot only reduce the peak flow and peak pollutant exports, but also have slow time to peak watershed responses.     

The impact of watershed delineation on hydrology and water quality simulation

Flood routing is a significant calculation for predicting watershed responses, involving discharge and pollutant exports. The computation of flow routing is highly relative to the relationship between downstream and upstream subbasins. A watershed could always be divided into several subbasins based on its topography and stream distribution. How detailed of the delineation of the stream distribution in a watershed would influence the modeling accuracy of flow routing and the prediction of watershed responses. The objective of this work was to discuss the effect of watershed delineation on runoff and pollutant transport predictions. When the number of divided subbasins increases, the stream distribution could be delineated more clearly. The case area was usually regarded as two subbasins only. In the present study, the case area was divided into 43, 25, 15 and 9 subbasins respectively. If the modeling result under 43 subdivisions is assumed to be the actual situation, the relative error of runoff simulation due to the simplified delineation of stream distribution is only around 25% in two subdivisions. However, the relative error of suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and orthophosphate (Orth-P) simulation can reach 85%, 71 and 70% in two subdivisions respectively. The uncertainties or errors induced by too much simplification of watershed delineation could be carried over and amplified to the pollutant transport process and the modeling results of pollutant exports.     

通江湖泊的渔业意义及其资源管理对策

长江中、下游的江湖复合生态系统包含有河流和湖泊两个环境单元。其中的鱼类群落由河海洄游鱼类、江湖洄游鱼类、河流鱼类和定居性鱼类等４个生态类群组成,尤以江湖洄游鱼类对这一特殊的生态环境形成了良好的适应,因而种群数量繁盛,从渔业的角度看,水利工程造成的江湖阻隔削弱了通江湖泊的生态功能,成为导致鱼类资源下降和种类结构改变的主要原因之一。当前应从控制捕捞、人工增殖和恢复生态环境结构等方面着手进行资源管理,确     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.     

浅谈爆破作业人员的安全培训

轨迹交叉论认为,在事故发展过程中,人的因素运动轨迹与物的因素运动轨迹的交点,就是事故发生的时间和空间,即事故发生是由人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态共同作用产生的结果。然而就爆破行业而言,通过对1984年12月至2007年10月间随机抽取的274起爆破事故的分析,其中人的因素（包括爆破设计不当、违章作业、早爆、防护措施不当、现场管理不善等）造成的爆破事故占94．6％;属于爆破器材和其它尚未认识的因素造成的爆破事故占5．4％。     

Production and characterization of glazed tiles containing incinerated sewage sludge

In this article, glaze with different colorants was applied to tile specimens manufactured by incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) and clay. Improvements using different amounts of colorants, and glaze components and concentrations on tile bodies were investigated. Four different proportions of clay (by weight ratio) were replaced by ISSA. Tiles of size 12 cm x 6 cm x 1 cm were made and left in an electric furnace to make biscuit tiles at 800 degrees C. Afterwards, four colorants, Fe2O3 (red), V2O5 (yellow), CoCO3 (blue), and MnO2 (purple), and four different glaze concentrations were applied on biscuit tile specimens. These specimens were later sintered into glazed tiles at 1050 degrees C. The study shows that replacement of clay by sludge ash had adverse effects on properties of tiles. Water absorption increased and bending strength reduced with increased amounts of ash. However, both water absorption and bending strength improved for glazed ash tiles. Abrasion of grazed tiles reduced noticeably from 0.001 to 0.002 g. This implies glaze can enhance abrasion resistance of tiles. Effects like lightfastness and acid-alkali resistance improved as different glazes were applied on tiles. In general, red glazed tiles showed the most stable performance, followed by blue, yellow, and purple.     

Municipal solid waste characterizations and management strategies for the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas

The Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV or Valley) in Texas, facing the big waste management challenge along the US-Mexico border today, is at the crossroads as a result of the rapid population growth, the scarcity of landfill space, the bi-nation's trade impacts, and the illusive goal of environmental sustainability. This paper offers a unique municipal solid waste investigation with regard to both physical and chemical characteristics leading to illuminate the necessary management policies with greater regional relevancy. With multiple sampling campaigns conducted during the spring of 2005, this study holistically summarizes the composition of solid waste, the statistical distribution patterns of key recyclable items, and the heating value in an uncertain environment. Research findings indicate that high fractions of plastics and paper in the waste stream imply a strong potential for energy recovery. Incineration options are thus bolstered by mildly high heating values across 10 cities in this region, which may lead to save land resources required for final disposal and increase electricity generation in the long run. Additional regression analyses further identify the correlation between recyclable items and heating value, which show that current recycling programs permit no obvious negative impacts on the incineration option. Final statistical hypothesis tests for both the Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito and the McAllen-Edinburg-Mission metropolitan regions help foster consistent management strategies across the Valley regardless of the trivial differences of waste characteristics in between.