An equilibrium analysis of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in stoichiometric to fuel-rich post-flame combustion environments

The equilibrium composition of product gases from the combustion of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC) has been studied for varying ratios of C, H, Cl, and O under stoichiometric to fuel-rich conditions. An interactive, PC-compatible FORTRAN program, STANJAN, was utilized in conjunction with thermochemical data sources to calculate equilibrium compositions of gas mixtures as a function of temperature. The predicted results, when judiciously interpreted, assist in the understanding of the potential for formation of residual organic substance emissions (ROSEs) in post-flame environments of an incinerator. Arguments are presented for the potential formation of chlorinated species, which are stable at ambient temperature, if locally fuel-rich mixtures penetrate into the lower temperature zones of an incinerator. ROSEs that have been observed in field tests of incinerators burning chlorinated compounds are predicted to form under the fuel-rich condition. Furthermore, when the equivalence ratio is greater than unity by even a slight amount, the degree of chlorination of product gases increases markedly when the Cl/H ratio also exceeds unity. In that case, time, temperature, turbulence and an overall fuel-lean stoichiometry may not be sufficient to guarantee elimination of measurable levels of chlorinated products. Possible implications of the equilibrium calculations are discussed. Further systematic studies with additional CHCs, nitrogen-, sulfur-, and heavy metal-bearing compounds are recommended as well as continued efforts to carry out kinetic studies.     

区际生态补偿机制是区域间协调发展的关键

环境问题和环境资源关系已成为重要的区际社会关系和社会矛盾，极大的影响和抑制区域协调发展，首先探讨区际环境问题和环境关系的成因、类型、数量动态、时空演变格局；独创性的剖析区际环境关系、区际环境问题难以解决的深刻根原。深入研究区际生态补偿作用和影响，指明缺乏补偿是江河上游与下游地区间矛盾产生的重要原因，也是环境问题难以解决的重要原因。指出区际生态补偿体系应由政策法律制订机构、补偿计算机构、补偿征收管理机构等组成；同时着重研究计算策略思路、计算方法、计算过程、计算结果表达等生态补偿计算有关问题；分析建立区际生态补偿机制在环境资源管理体制、绿色国民经济核算体系（转移支付制度）、环境影响数量技术、环境问题争端协调等面临的诸多困难。     

沿海地区人地关系演化及优化分析

人地关系是人类社会同周围环境之间的相互关系，在不同时期，随着人类社会的发展表现特征不同。本文以沿海地区“人”与“地”之间矛盾的产生、发展以及追求协调的历史过程为线索，将人地关系的发展变化历程划分为混沌阶段、原始和谐阶段、矛盾发展阶段、矛盾激化调整四个阶段。影响人地关系的因素较多，自然因素主要是地形、气候、地理位置、自然资源等，人为因素主要包括人口的急剧增长以及人类各种不合理的破坏性活动。从人地关系演化的历史过程，可知人地关系的发展是一个动态的过程，针对沿海地区的实际情况，沿海地区应突出以下几个方面以优化人地关系：①利用中国加入世贸组织为契机，深化对外开放；②通过生态工作建设、产业结构调整、城市化等实现社会经济、资源与环境的协调发展；③大力发展海洋经济，以缓解陆上资源与环境的压力。     

The effects of 2,4-D herbicide and organophosphorus insecticides on growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll a synthesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (mt +)

The effects of the herbicide (2,4-D) and six organophosphorus insecticides (Diazinon, Dimethoate, Fenitrothion, Malathion, Phenthoate and Quinalphos) on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the fresh water green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (mt +) were studied. At low concentrations (1 and 5 ppm), the herbicide and all six orgnophosphorus insecticides stimulated photosynthesis of the alga. The stimulating effects on algal growth and chlorophyll a synthesis were only observed in the presence of low concentration (1 ppm) of 2,4-D and Fenitrothion, Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of the alga were inhibited in the presence of high concentrations (10, 20 and 40 ppm) of the herbicide and all the six organophosphorus insecticides. Results also indicated that the toxicities of these organophosphorus insecticides on the tested alga were dependent on their chemical structures.     

苹果茎沟病毒对梨树幼苗生长及过氧化物酶活性的影响

Based on growth level and peroxidase activity, a comparative study and paried-samples t test were made between vires-free Zaosu pear seedlings and the seedlings inoculated with apple stem grooving virus(ASGV). The results showed : ( 1 )virus-free Zaosu pear seedlings grew better than inoculated ones. Of the seedlings the height, diameter, branches and autumn braches differed statistically significantly; (2)the peroxidase activity of inoculated seedlings was higher than that of virus-free ones, and the peak of peroxidase activity occurred on about d 7 and d 24 after inoculation. Fig 1, Tab 1, Ref 9     

中国特色的城市化问题

针对当前社会经济发展中 ,建设有中国特色的城市化问题 ,展开全方位、多视角的分析阐述。指出并纠正了认识上对城市化问题的种种误区。提出中国的城市化发展应该与国情国力、工业化发展形势相协调 ,过程应有序、健康。并认为 :(1)在相当大一段时期内 ,中国城市化水平以界定在5 0 %或 5 5 %为宜 ,而不应该盲目追求西方国家不同国情的高指标、高比例 ;(2 )对城市今后的发展规模应有一个合理限度 ,考虑人口、用地、环境的合理容量 ;(3)小城镇的发展要合理引导、分期分批、有重点地稳步发展 ;(4)乡村城镇化必须发展生态农业与生态工业 ,走集约化、专业化的道路。正确引导中国的城市化进程 ,把城市发展和农村、工业和农业、人口流动、产业政策、区域平衡、科技进步、外向型经济可持续发展等当作整体一盘棋来统筹制定总体战略     

Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners by anaerobic microorganisms from river sediment.

The microbial dechlorination of seven kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by anaerobic microorganisms from river sediment was investigated. Dechlorination rates were found to be affected by the chlorine level of PCB congeners; dechlorination rates decreased as chlorine levels increased. Dechlorination rates were fastest under methanogenic conditions and slowest under nitrate-reducing conditions. The addition of individual electron donors (acetate, pyruvate, and lactate) enhanced the dechlorination of PCB congeners under methanogenic and sulfate-reducing conditions but delayed the dechlorination of PCB congeners under nitrate-reducing conditions. PCB congener dechlorination also was delayed by the addition of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) under three reducing conditions and by surfactants, such as brij30, triton SN70, and triton N101. The results suggest that methanogen, sulfate-reducing bacteria, and nitrate-reducing bacteria all are involved in the dechlorination of PCB congeners.     

对未遂事件发生原因重要度排序方法的探讨

介绍了灰色关联度计算的原理,并用灰色关联度方法对未遂事件的诱发原因进行了实例分析。     

四斗朱水库蓝藻水华爆发成因分析及治理对策研究

作为饮用水源的小型水库四斗朱连续几年在早春即开始爆发严重束丝藻水华（属于蓝藻）。水质分析发现,四斗朱水库的水质参数如总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH4^＋-N）以及BOD和COD浓度并不高,但明显高于其上游的石门塘水库,这说明在四斗朱水库的集水区存在污染源。本文分析了在低营养盐浓度情况下四斗朱水库蓝藻水华爆发的原因,认为由于集水区内的农业、生活、水土淋失以及自然沉降等途径导致水库营养浓度升高。并由于未知营养、气温回升以及水库生态系统失衡等因素,导致蓝藻水华暴发。最后,提出了相应的综合治理对策。