“两控区”内燃煤火电厂烟气脱硫成本的转移

运用环境经济学、环境法学方面的知识研究了如何解决“两控区”内燃煤火电厂的烟气脱硫成本问题．结果表明,只要电能消费者消费了酸雨和SO₂污染控制区内燃煤火电厂的火电,就应最终承担燃煤火电厂的烟气脱硫成本电能消费者的负担标准为火电厂依靠经济上可实现的最佳可得控制技术生产单位电能所耗费的平均脱硫成本费用;烟气脱硫成本转移的最佳时间和方式为电网经营者把平均脱硫成本分摊给电能消费者,收取电费后再补贴给火电厂．     

依靠科技进步，实现跨越式发展

结合西部地区的科技现状,分析了科技创新的内在要求,探讨了实现跨越式发展的途径和对策。     

整装反应器无反应条件下的传热

研究整装反应器在反应点火之前的传热行为以及反应器参数对基体热响应的影响。建立了起燃阶段反应器的传热模型,通过数值计算,分析和讨论了固相轴向热传导性能及各种设计参数对基体热响应的影响。比较了基体采用金属体或陶瓷体时热响应的不同。结果表明,当无量纲导热系数∧＜1时,固相轴向导热性能对基体热响应无明显影响,金属体具有好的热响应性能,参数分析有助于反应器的设计和建模。     

Hype or Hope: The Potential of Phytoremediation as an Emerging Green Technology

Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants and their associated microorganisms, soil amendments, and agronomic techniques to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental pollutants. At the present time, phytoremediation is an emerging technology and there is still a significant need to pursue both fundamental and applied research to fully exploit the metabolic and growth habits of higher plants. It is precisely the purpose of the European COST Action 837 to stimulate the development and evaluate the potential of plant biotechnology for the removal of organic pollutants and toxic metals from wastewater and contaminated sites. However, green plants grow under nonsterile conditions and thus strongly interact with many microorganisms, like bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. In this context, an Inter‐COST Workshop on bioremediation was recently organized to address the significance of soil microorganisms for plants, and the importance of their interactions, with regard to their potential for phytoremediation. Based on the outcomes of this workshop, the potential use of phytoremediation is presented in this article. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

RESERVOIR TROPHIC STATE EVALUATION USING LANISAT TM IMAGES1

ABSTRACT: Reservoir water quality is traditionally monitored and evaluated based on field data. Collecting and analyzing field water quality data are costly and time consuming tasks, and whether a limited number of field data truly characterize the spatial variation of the trophic state within a vast water body is often disputed. In this study we utilize Landsat TM data to estimate the water quality and trophic state of the Te‐Chi reservoir in Central Taiwan. A modified multi‐parameter model of Carlson's trophic state index (TSI) was developed for the Te‐chi reservoir. Water quality parameters (concentration of chlorophyll‐a, total phosphorous measurement, and secchi disk depth) required by the model are found to have high correlations with combinations of TM bands. Therefore, TM data are used to map the trophic state of the reservoir. TM‐derived TSI maps of the reservoir reveal that, in summer, the trophic state in the reservoir generally improves from upstream to downstream and that zones of distinct trophic state exist. A trophic state index based on secchi disk depth may give erroneous values in the upstream section of the reservoir pool due to high sediment concentration in the reservoir inflow. We conclude that the Te‐Chi reservoir is eutrophic or worse in summer and meso‐eutrophic in winter. Implementation of best management practices to reduce nonpoint source pollution in the upstream watershed is highly recommended. This study demonstrates the capability of mapping the trophic state in impounded water bodies using the Landsat TM data.     

A SCALE‐INVARIANT GAUSS‐MARKOV MODEL FOR DESIGN STORM HYETOGRAPHS1

Abstract. Hyetographs are essential to many hydrological designs. Many studies have shown that hyetographs are specific to storm types and durations. Recent work presented evidence that dimensionless hyetographs are scale invariant. We show that the simple scaling property of rainfall guarantees that the normalized rainfall rates of different storm durations are identically distributed and propose a nonstationary Gauss‐Markov model based on the annual maximum events that arise from the dominant storm type. We derive the unique estimators for the parameters of the Gauss‐Markov model under two constraints that: (a) the typical peak rainfall rate is preserved, and (b) the most likely hyetograph is obtained. One attractive feature of this model is that it allows translating hyetographs between storms of different durations. Two examples illustrate our model.     

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES OF THE TSENGWEN CREEK WATERSHED IN TAIWAN1

ABSTRACT: This study presents a methodology to evaluate the vulnerability of water resources in the Tsengwen creek watershed, Taiwan. Tsengwen reservoir, located in the Tsengwen creek watershed, is a multipurpose reservoir with a primary function to supply water for the ChiaNan Irrigation District. A simulation procedure was developed to evaluate the impacts of climate change on the water resources system. The simulation procedure includes a streamflow model, a weather generation model, a sequent peak algorithm, and a risk assessment process. Three climate change scenarios were constructed based on the predictions of three General Circulation Models (CCCM, GFDL, and GISS). The impacts of climate change on streamflows were simulated, and, for each climate change scenario, the agricultural water demand was adjusted based on the change of potential evapotranspiration. Simulation results indicated that the climate change may increase the annual and seasonal streamflows in the Tsengwen creek watershed. The increase in streamflows during wet periods may result in serious flooding. In addition, despite the increase in streamflows, the risk of water deficit may still increase from between 4 and 7 percent to between 7 and 13 percent due to higher agricultural water demand. The simulation results suggest that the reservoir capacity may need to be expanded. In response to the climate change, four strategies are suggested: (1) strengthen flood mitigation measures, (2) enhance drought protection strategies, (3) develop new water resources technology, and (4) educate the public.     

Biodiversity Loss in Latin American Coffee Landscapes: Review of the Evidence on Ants,Birds, and Trees

Abstract: Studies have documented biodiversity losses due to intensification of coffee management (reduction in canopy richness and complexity). Nevertheless, questions remain regarding relative sensitivity of different taxa, habitat specialists, and functional groups, and whether implications for biodiversity conservation vary across regions. We quantitatively reviewed data from ant, bird, and tree biodiversity studies in coffee agroecosystems to address the following questions: Does species richness decline with intensification or with individual vegetation characteristics? Are there significant losses of species richness in coffee‐management systems compared with forests? Is species loss greater for forest species or for particular functional groups? and Are ants or birds more strongly affected by intensification? Across studies, ant and bird richness declined with management intensification and with changes in vegetation. Species richness of all ants and birds and of forest ant and bird species was lower in most coffee agroecosystems than in forests, but rustic coffee (grown under native forest canopies) had equal or greater ant and bird richness than nearby forests. Sun coffee (grown without canopy trees) sustained the highest species losses, and species loss of forest ant, bird, and tree species increased with management intensity. Losses of ant and bird species were similar, although losses of forest ants were more drastic in rustic coffee. Richness of migratory birds and of birds that forage across vegetation strata was less affected by intensification than richness of resident, canopy, and understory bird species. Rustic farms protected more species than other coffee systems, and loss of species depended greatly on habitat specialization and functional traits. We recommend that forest be protected, rustic coffee be promoted, and intensive coffee farms be restored by augmenting native tree density and richness and allowing growth of epiphytes. We also recommend that future research focus on potential trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and farmer livelihoods stemming from coffee production.     

南京市不同功能区PM10中多环芳烃的污染特征

PM10是衡量大气环境质量好坏的重要指标之一;多环芳烃(PAHs)是具有强烈致癌性的有机污染物,大多吸附在粒径小于10 μm颗粒物上.利用长期定位实验采集了南京市两典型功能区--大厂地区和山西路的PM10样品,对其PAHs质量浓度进行了分析测定,研究了不同功能区PM10中PAHs的时空污染特性.研究结果表明:南京市PM10污染比较严重,其质量浓度变化范围在0.1157 mg·m-3～0.3913 mg·m-3之间;经分析PM10中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)发现,全年大厂地区的PAHs的质量浓度与山西路PAHs的质量浓度没有明显的高低之分;PAHs总质量浓度的空间变化不明显,时间变化也没有规律性;比较PM10与PAHs的月平均质量浓度变化趋势,两者之间的变化没有相关性,各自的质量浓度变化也没有规律性,分析其结果可能是由于PAHs的不稳定性造成的.     

根瘤菌、丛枝菌根（AM）真菌与宿主植物共生的分子机理

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌和根瘤菌是两类重要的共牛微生物,分别能够与宿主植物形成丛枝菌根和根瘤,其中,对二者共有的宿主植物--豆科植物而言,则能够形成AM真菌-豆科植物-根瘤菌三重共生体.两类微生物与宿主植物共生关系建立的关键是二者之间的相互识别以及随后的侵染,其相互识别过程就是它们相互交换信号分子、相互作用的过程,而这两类微生物与宿主植物的识别过程具有许多相似之处.本文就根瘤菌、AM真菌与宿主植物在分子水平上的共生机理进行了综述,在对宿主植物分泌信号分子识别的基础上,提出植物根系对两类微生物侵染的感应机制,分析了共生体形成过程中相关基因的转录与表达,进而阐明了共生体的形成过程,并对本领域的未来发展提出了建议.