Rotary Kiln Incineration III. An Indepth Study—Kiln Exit/Afterburner/Stack Train and Kiln Exit Pattern Factor Measurements During Liquid CCl4 Processing

Temperature and stable species concentration data are presented from various locations within a full-scale rotary kiln incinerator firing natural gas/carbon tetrachloride/air. The data are being collected as part of a cooperative program involving university, industry and government participation. The overall goal of the program is to develop a more sophisticated understanding of and a predictive capability for rotary kiln and afterburner performance as influenced by basic design and operational parameters. Non-uniformities in stable species and temperature exist for this particular kiln, at the kiln exit, under certain operating conditions. Flow perturbations from within the kiln were found to persist into the afterburner, but not into the stack. High destruction and removal efficiencies (DRE’s) were achieved under the operating conditions of these tests through adequate secondary combustion processing.     

Rotary Kiln Incineration IV. An Indepth Study— Kiln Exit,Transition and Afterburner Sampling During Liquid CCl4 Processing

Detailed temperature and stable species concentration data are presented from the kiln exit, transition section and afterburner of a full-scale incinerator facility firing natural gas/carbon tetrachloride/air. The data are collected as part of a cooperative program involving university, industry and government participation. The overall goal of the program is to develop an understanding and predictive capability for rotary kiln and afterburner performance as influenced by basic design and operational parameters. The data demonstrate that nonuniformities in stable species and temperature exist, under certain operating conditions, at the kiln exit in the vertical direction only. Measurements from the transition section indicate that non-uniformities may exist within this region under certain operating conditions. Flow perturbations from within the kiln can persist into the afterburner, although the degree of nonuniformity is substantially reduced compared to either the kiln or transition sections. High destruction and removal efficiencies were achieved under all operating conditions of these tests through a combination of kiln and secondary combustion processing.     

Source Profiles of Particulate Matter Emissions from a Pilot-Scale Boiler Burning North American Coal Blends

ABSTRACT

Recent awareness of suspected adverse health effects from ambient particulate matter (PM) emission has prompted publication of new standards for fine PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5). However, scientific data on fine PM emissions from various point sources and their characteristics are very limited. Source apportionment methods are applied to identify contributions of individual regional sources to tropospheric particulate concentrations. The existing industrial database developed using traditional source measurement techniques provides total emission rates only, with no details on chemical nature or size characteristics of particulates. This database is inadequate, in current form, to address source-receptor relationships.

A source dilution system was developed for sampling and characterization of total PM, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ (i.e., PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) from residual oil and coal combustion. This new system has automatic control capabilities for key parameters, such as relative humidity (RH), temperature, and sample dilution. During optimization of the prototype equipment, three North American coal blends were burned using a 0.7-megawatt thermal (MW_t) pulverized coal-fired, pilot-scale boiler. Characteristic emission profiles, including PM_2.5 and total PM soluble acids, and elemental and carbon concentrations for three coal blends are presented.     

Modeling and Spatially Distributing Forest Net Primary Production at the Regional Scale

Abstract

Forest, agricultural, rangeland, wetland, and urban landscapes have different rates of carbon sequestration and total carbon sequestration potential under alternative management options. Changes in the proportion and spatial distribution of land use could enhance or degrade that area’s ability to sequester carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. As the ecosystems within a landscape change due to natural or anthropogenic processes, they may go from being a carbon sink to a carbon source or vice versa. Satellite image analysis has been tested for timely and accurate measurement of spatially explicit land use change and is well suited for use in inventory and monitoring of terrestrial carbon. The coupling of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data with a physiologically based forest productivity model (PnET-II) and historic climatic data provides an opportunity to enhance field plot-based forest inventory and monitoring methodologies. We use periodic forest inventory data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service’s Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program to obtain estimates of forest area and type and to generate estimates of carbon storage for evergreen, deciduous, and mixed-forest classes. The area information is used in an accuracy assessment of remotely sensed forest cover at the regional scale. The map display of modeled net primary production (NPP) shows a range of forest carbon storage potentials and their spatial relationship to other landscape features across the southern United States. This methodology addresses the potential for measuring and projecting forest carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere of the southern United States.     

The Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study: Part 1—Overview

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of a major, long-term program for tropospheric gas and aerosol research in the southeastern United States. Building on three existing ozone (O₃)-focused research sites begun in mid-1992, the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization Study (SEARCH) was initiated in mid-1998 as a 7-year observation and research program with a broader focus including aerosols and an expanded geographical coverage in the Southeast. The monitoring network comprises four urban-rural (or urban-suburban) site pairs at locations along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico and inland, including two moderately sized and two major urban areas (Pensacola, FL; Gulfport, MS; Atlanta, GA; and Birmingham, AL). The sites are equipped with an extensive suite of instruments for measuring particulate matter (PM), gases relevant to secondary O₃ and the production of secondary aerosol particles, and surface meteorology. The measurements taken to date have added substantially to the knowledge about the temporal behavior and geographic variability of tropospheric aerosols in the Southeast. Details are presented in four papers to follow.     

Ozone and Other Air Quality-Related Variables Affecting Visibility in the Southeast United States

Abstract

An analysis of ozone (O₃) concentrations and several other air quality-related variables was performed to elucidate their relationship with visibility at five urban and semi-urban locations in the southeast United States during the summer seasons of 1980-1996. The role and impact of O₃ on aerosols was investigated to ascertain a relationship with visibility. Regional trend analysis over the 1980s reveals an increase in maximum O₃ concentration coupled with a decrease in visibility. However, a similar analysis for the 1990s shows a leveling-off of both O₃ and visibility; in both cases, the results were not statistically significant at the 5% level. A case study of site-specific trends at Nashville, TN, followed similar trends. To better understand the relationships between O₃ concentration and visibility, the analysis was varied from yearly through daily to hourly averaged values. This increased temporal resolution showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between visibility and O₃. Site-specific hourly r² values ranged from 0.02 to 0.43. Additionally, by performing back-trajectory analysis, it was found that the visibility degraded by air mass migration over polluted areas.     

Some Effects of Atmospheric Fluoride on Plant Metabolism

Leaves of Tendergreen bean plants exposed to atmospheric fluoride concentrations in the range 1.7 to 7.6 μg/m³ showed increased levels of enolase and catalase activity and decreased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and oxalacetate were not affected. The leaves of Milo maize plants exposed to 5.0 μg F/m³ showed increased levels of enolase and pyruvate kinase activity and a decreased level of pyruvate. Oxalacetate and α-ketoglutarate levels were not affected. Catalase activity was increased, then decreased by IIF fumigation. The changes induced by HF were greatest six to 10 days after the start of fumigation and disappeared or decreased in magnitude during the post-fumigation period.     

The Effect of Nucleating Particulates on Photochemical Aerosol Formation

The role of nucleating particulates in the formation of photochemical aerosols has been studied in a steady, laminar flow of ultrafiltered air containing NO₂ and octene-1 in the concentration range of (30 to 170 ppm) when subjected to intense irradiation under isothermal conditions. The particulates consisted of monodisperse polystyrene latex (d = 0.36 μ.) in concentrations similar to those in the atmosphere (6 × 10¹ to 3 × 10³ cm^–3); the irradiation intensity varied between (6 to 40 × 10³ lumen/liter) and the mean exposure duration between 30 and 180 sec. Samples of the flow prior to and after its photoactivation were withdrawn either by an Aerosol Spectrometer (AS) or by a Royco Aerosol Photometer (PH). While these indications refer thus to the same system, they differ, because the photometric data include all colloidal components in the airborne state, whereas the counts obtained from the AS deposits refer only to the nucleated latex particles. The following pattern becomes evident: The photochemical reaction yields fractional products (less than three percent) which have the tendency to agglomerate (or polymerize) due to their relatively low volatility—independent of the presence or absence of nucleating particulates. In their presence, this reaction becomes kinetically more probable and thus faster, hence the accumulant formation occurs preferably on the nuclei and causes their growth such that, e.g., a 10-fold higher nuclei concentration will produce under the same conditions 10 times the accumulant mass while autonucleation is suppressed. The growth process appears thus principally different from that of fog formation by H₂O-condensation, whereas for identical super saturation it is inversely proportional to the nuclear concentration. In the absence of nuclei autonucleation, i.e., self-agglomeration, occurs at a much lesser reaction rate and higher photon demand. The growth rate of the nuclei, when present, depends on the concentration of the oxidation catalyst (NO₂), its interaction with the nuclei surface is indicated. Under identical conditions the mass of nuclear accumulant is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactive hydrocarbon, while the growth rate depends on the light intensity and the exposure duration. The findings indicate that density and nature of particulate matter present in an air mass prior or during photo-activation are—aside from the chemical reactant levels—of major significance in aerosol formation.     

National Emission Standards Introduction

A feature of the 63rd annual meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, held June 14–18, 1970 in St. Louis, was a plenary session on national emission standards. Presided over by John S. Lagarias, APCA past president, the session explored the theme for both motor vehicles and stationary sources through the presentations of Delbert S. Barth and Arthur C. Stern and the discussions of John A. Maga and Robert L. Harris, Jr. The essence of their remarks appears on the following pages.