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71.
Antimicrobial agents in the environment are a cause for concern. Antimicrobial drug residues and their metabolites reach the aquatic and terrestrial environment primarily through wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). In addition to the potential direct negative health and environmental effects, there is potential for the development of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Residue levels below the minimum inhibitory concentration for a bacterial species can be important in selection of resistance. There is uncertainty associated with resistance formation during WWTP processing. A meta-analysis study was carried out to analyse the effect of WWTP processing on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria within bacterial populations. An analysis of publications relating to multiple antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) bacteria (n?=?61), single antimicrobial-resistant (SAR) E. coli (n?=?81) and quinolone/fluoroquinolone-resistant (FR) bacteria (n?=?19) was carried out. The odds-ratio (OR) of MAR (OR?=?1.60, p?<?0.01), SAR (OR?=?1.33, p?<?0.01) and FR (OR?=?1.19, p?<?0.01) bacteria was determined. The results infer that WWTP processing results in an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria in effluent, even though the overall bacterial population may have reduced (i.e. a reduction in total bacterial numbers but an increase in the percentage of resistant bacteria). The results support the need for further research into the development of antimicrobial-resistant strains and possible selective pressures operating in WWTPs. 相似文献
72.
The objective of this study was to demonstrate that simple fractionation and selective dissolution techniques can be used to provide detailed chemical and mineralogical analyses of flue gas desulfurization by-products. The material studied was a mine grout prepared as a 1:1 mixture (wt./wt.) of fly ash (FA) and filter cake (FC) with hydrated lime (50 g kg(-1)) added to improve handling. The hydrated lime was composed mostly of calcite (CaCO3), portlandite [Ca(OH)2], lime (CaO), and brucite [Mg(OH)2] (515, 321, 55, and 35 g kg(-1), respectively) and had low (<6 g kg(-1)) concentrations of most trace elements. The FC contained hannebachite (CaSO3 x 0.5H2O) (786 g kg(-1)) with smaller quantities (<10 g kg(-1)) of calcite, quartz (SiO2), brucite, and gypsum (CaSO4 x 2H2O). Except for B and Cu, trace element concentrations were comparable to those in the hydrated lime. The FA contained both magnetic (222 g kg(-1)) and nonmagnetic (778 g kg(-1)) fractions. The former was composed mostly of hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), and glass (272, 293, and 287 g kg(-1), respectively), whereas the latter was enriched in glass, quartz, and mullite (Al6Si2O13) (515, 243, and 140 g kg(-1), respectively). Etching with 1% HF showed that 60 to 100% of trace elements were concentrated in the glass, although some metals (Co, Cr, and Mn) were clearly enriched in the magnetic phase. The aged grout contained 147 g kg(-1) ettringite [Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12 x 26H2O] in addition to 314 g kg(-1) hannebachite and 537 g kg(-1) insoluble phases (mullite, quartz, hematite, magnetite, and glass). 相似文献
73.
Habitat Assessment of Non-Wadeable Rivers in Michigan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Habitat evaluation of wadeable streams based on accepted protocols provides a rapid and widely used adjunct to biological
assessment. However, little effort has been devoted to habitat evaluation in non-wadeable rivers, where it is likely that
protocols will differ and field logistics will be more challenging. We developed and tested a non-wadeable habitat index (NWHI)
for rivers of Michigan, where non-wadeable rivers were defined as those of order ≥5, drainage area ≥1600 km2, mainstem lengths ≥100 km, and mean annual discharge ≥15 m3/s. This identified 22 candidate rivers that ranged in length from 103 to 825 km and in drainage area from 1620 to 16,860
km2. We measured 171 individual habitat variables over 2-km reaches at 35 locations on 14 rivers during 2000–2002, where mean
wetted width was found to range from 32 to 185 m and mean thalweg depth from 0.8 to 8.3 m. We used correlation and principal
components analysis to reduce the number of variables, and examined the spatial pattern of retained variables to exclude any
that appeared to reflect spatial location rather than reach condition, resulting in 12 variables to be considered in the habitat
index. The proposed NWHI included seven variables: riparian width, large woody debris, aquatic vegetation, bottom deposition,
bank stability, thalweg substrate, and off-channel habitat. These variables were included because of their statistical association
with independently derived measures of human disturbance in the riparian zone and the catchment, and because they are considered
important in other habitat protocols or to the ecology of large rivers. Five variables were excluded because they were primarily
related to river size rather than anthropogenic disturbance. This index correlated strongly with indices of disturbance based
on the riparian (adjusted R2 = 0.62) and the catchment (adjusted R2 = 0.50), and distinguished the 35 river reaches into the categories of poor (2), fair (19), good (13), and excellent (1).
Habitat variables retained in the NWHI differ from several used in wadeable streams, and place greater emphasis on known characteristic
features of larger rivers. 相似文献
74.
Karine Vallée-Rehel Valérie Langlois Philippe Guérin Alain Le Borgne 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1999,7(1):27-34
Environmental concerns result in a progressive withdrawal of antifouling paints containing organotin derivatives. The nature of the binders is critical with regard to the erosion of the protecting film through factors such as bond cleavage, dissolution, and diffusion of the degradation products. The versatility of acrylic polymers, due to the possibility of varying their chemical structure had conducted, in the first stage, to combine different types of repeating units in the macromolecular backbone. Formulation and evaluation, in natural sites, of these binders, with a well-defined hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and with hydrolyzable pendant groups, have shown the possibility to prepare new organotin free resins which can be formulated and which are erodible in seawater over a long period (more than 2 years). A further step has been engaged with the development of graft copolymers containing biocompatible and hydrolyzable oligomers of -hydroxyacids. Their preparation requires the synthesis of -methacryloyloxyoligo--hydroxyacid macromonomers. Copolymers prepared from a mixture of the macromonomer and of an alkyl ester of acrylic acid were formulated with a biocide and deposited on a plate. Their ability to release cuprous oxide, as a model molecule, has been checked and quantified by the inductively coupled plasma analytical method. The uptake of water in the paint, which is enhanced by the hydrolysis of -hydroxyacid oligomers, as determined by the enzymatic measurement of liberated L-lactic acid, conducts to the polymer erosion and to a protecting bioactive surface. 相似文献
75.
Host nutrition is thought to affect the establishment, persistence, and severity of pathogenic infections. Nutrient-deficient foods possibly benefit pathogens by constraining host immune function or benefit hosts by limiting parasite growth and reproduction. However, the effects of poor elemental food quality on a host's susceptibility to infection and disease have received little study. Here we show that the bacterial microparasite Pasteuria ramosa is affected by the elemental nutrition of its aquatic invertebrate host, Daphnia magna. We found that high food carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratios significantly reduced infection rates of Pasteuria in Daphnia and led to lower within-host pathogen multiplication. In addition, greater virulent effects of bacterial infection on host reproduction were found in Daphnia-consuming P-deficient food. Poor Daphnia elemental nutrition thus reduced the growth and reproduction of its bacterial parasite, Pasteuria. The effects of poor host nutrition on the pathogen were further evidenced by Pasteuria's greater inhibition of reproduction in P-limited Daphnia. Our results provide strong evidence that elemental food quality can significantly influence the incidence and intensity of infectious disease in invertebrate hosts. 相似文献
76.
Moreira Wardleison Martins Moreira Paula Valéria Viotti dos Santos Débora Federici Gimenes Marcelino Luiz Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(8):19564-19591
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The lignocellulose biorefinery industry has assumed an important role within the current scenario. Lignin is an abundant and available biopolymer and... 相似文献
77.
The Crisis Map of the Czech Republic: the nationwide deployment of an Ushahidi application for disasters
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Crisis mapping is a legitimate component of both crisis informatics and disaster risk management. It has become an effective tool for humanitarian workers, especially after the earthquake in Haiti in 2010. Ushahidi is among the many mapping platforms on offer in the growing field of crisis mapping, and involves the application of crowdsourcing to create online and interactive maps of areas in turmoil. This paper presents the Crisis Map of the Czech Republic, which is the first such instrument to be deployed nationwide in Central Europe. It describes the methodologies used in the preparatory work phase and details some practices identified during the creation and actual employment of the map. In addition, the paper assesses its structure and technological architecture, as well as its potential possible development in the future. Lastly, it evaluates the utilisation of the Crisis Map during the floods in the Czech Republic in 2013. 相似文献
78.
79.
Natacha Heutte Véronique André Catherine Dubos Arvis Valérie Bouchart Françoise Lemarié Patrick Legendre Edwige Votier Marie-Yolande Louis Stéphane Madelaine Virginie Séguin Stéphanie Gente Philippe Vérité David Garon 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2017,189(1):31
Indoor air quality in health care facilities is a major public health concern, particularly for immunocompromised patients who may be exposed to microbiological contaminants such as molds, mycotoxins, endotoxins, and (1,3)-ß-D-glucans. Over 2 years, bioaerosols were collected on a monthly basis in a cancer treatment center (Centre F. Baclesse, Normandy, France), characterized from areas where there was no any particular air treatment. Results showed the complexity of mycoflora in bioaerosols with more than 100 fungal species identified. A list of major strains in hospital environments could be put forward due to the frequency, the concentration level, and/or the capacity to produce mycotoxins in vitro: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus melleus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Cladosporium herbarum, Purpureocillium lilacinum, and Penicillium brevicompactum. The mean levels of viable airborne fungal particles were less than 30.530 CFU per m3 of air and were correlated to the total number of 0.30 to 20 μm particles. Seasonal variations were observed with fungal particle peaks during the summer and autumn. Statistical analysis showed that airborne fungal particle levels depended on the relative humidity level which could be a useful indicator of fungal contamination. Finally, the exposure to airborne mycotoxins was very low (only 3 positive samples), and no mutagenic activity was found in bioaerosols. Nevertheless, some fungal strains such as Aspergillus versicolor or Penicillium brevicompactum showed toxigenic potential in vitro. 相似文献
80.
Valéria R. F. da Silva Sylvia F. Mitraud Maria L. C. P. Ferraz Eduardo H. S. M. Lima Maria Thereza D. Melo Armando J. B. Santos Augusto César C. D. da Silva Jaqueline C. de Castilhos Jamyle A. F. Batista Gustave G. Lopez Frederico Tognin João Carlos Thomé Cecília Baptistotte Berenice M. Gomes da Silva José Henrique Becker Juçara Wanderline Fernanda de Vasconcellos Pegas Gonzalo Róstan Guy Guagni dei Marcovaldi Maria Ângela G. dei Marcovaldi 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2016,18(6):1541-1558
In the 35 years since its inception, the Brazilian National Program for the Conservation of Marine Turtles (TAMAR) has had great success in protecting the five species of sea turtles that occur in Brazil. It has also contributed significantly to worldwide scientific data and knowledge about these species’ biology, such as life cycles and migration patterns. TAMAR’s conservation strategies have always relied on a variety of environmental education and social inclusion (EESI) activities highly adapted to the socio-environmental evolving contexts of its 25 locations distributed across nine states. Diversity and flexibility are critical to enable timely and effective local responses to existing or potential threats to sea turtles. The intuitive, locally adapted, decentralized, and independent way EESI activities have been carried out have generated positive results in the resolution of specific and evolving local problems through the course of the project. This article brings EESI under the same conceptual framework that underlies its conservation approach by adopting an adaptive threat management framework to organize and qualify its educational and social inclusion interventions according to the main categories of threat addressed by TAMAR. 相似文献