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171.
Amit Dhir Nagaraja Tejo Prakash Dhiraj Sud 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(9):3906-3913
This study evaluates the effect of integrated solar-assisted advanced oxidation process (AOP) and biological treatment on the extent of degradation of effluents from chlorination (C) and first alkaline extraction (E1) stages of soda pulp bleaching in agro-residue-based pulp and paper mill. Biodegradation of the effluents was attempted in suspended mode using activated sludge from the functional pulp and paper industry effluent treatment plant acclimatized to effluents in question. The photocatalytic treatment was employed using zinc oxide (ZnO) in slurry mode for decontamination of effluents in a batch manner and the degradation was evaluated in terms of reduction in chemical oxygen demand. The biological treatment (24?h) of C and E1 effluent resulted in 30 and 57?% of degradation, respectively. Solar-induced AOP of C and E1 effluents resulted in 53 and 43?% degradation under optimized conditions (2.5?g?L?1 ZnO at pH?8.0) after 6?h of exposure. For C effluent, a short duration of solar/ZnO (1?h) prior to biological treatment reduced the time required at biological step from 24 to 12?h for almost same extent (92?%) of degradation. However, sequential biological treatment (24?h) followed by solar/ZnO (2?h) resulted in 85.5?% degradation. In contrast, in the case of E1 effluent, sequential biological (24?h)?Csolar/ZnO (2?h) system effectively degrades effluent to 95.4?% as compared to 84.8?% degradation achieved in solar/ZnO (2?h)?Cbiological treatment (24?h) system. In the present study, the sequencing of photocatalysis with the biological treatment is observably efficient and technically viable process for the complete mineralization of the effluents. 相似文献
172.
Prakash Karamchandani Jeremiah Johnson Greg Yarwood Eladio Knipping 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(4):453-467
The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system Version 5.0 (CMAQv5.0) was released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in February 2012, with an interim release (v5.01) in July 2012. Because CMAQ is a community model, the EPA encourages the development of proven alternative science treatments by external scientists and developers that can be incorporated as part of an official CMAQ release. This paper describes the implementation, evaluation, and testing of a plume-in-grid (PinG) module in CMAQ 5.01. The PinG module, also referred to as Advanced Plume Treatment (APT), provides the capability of resolving sub-grid-scale processes, such as the transport and chemistry of point-source plumes, in a grid model. The new PinG module in CMAQ 5.01 is applied and evaluated for two 15-day summer and winter periods in 2005 to the eastern United States, and the results are compared with those from the base CMAQ 5.01. Eighteen large point sources of NOx in the eastern United States were selected for explicit plume treatment with APT in the PinG simulation. The results show that overall model performance is negligibly affected when PinG treatment is included. However, the PinG model predicts significantly different contributions of the 18 sources to pollutant concentrations and deposition downwind of the point sources compared to the base model.
Implications: This study describes the incorporation of a plume-in-grid (PinG) capability within the latest version of the EPA grid model, CMAQ. The capability addresses the inherent limitation of the grid model to resolve processes, such as the evolution of point-source plumes, which occur at scales much smaller than the grid resolution. The base grid model and the PinG version predict different source contributions to ozone and PM2.5 concentrations that need to be considered when source attribution studies are conducted to determine the impacts of large point sources on downwind concentrations and deposition of primary and secondary pollutants. 相似文献
173.
Susan Collet Hiroaki Minoura Toru Kidokoro Yukihiro Sonoda Yukio Kinugasa Prakash Karamchandani 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2014,64(10):1174-1185
Three modeling approaches, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) zero-out, the Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions (CAMx) zero-out, and the CAMx probing tools ozone source apportionment tool (OSAT), were used to project the contributions of various source categories to future year design values for summer 8-hr average ozone concentrations at selected U.S. monitors. The CMAQ and CAMx zero-out or brute-force approaches predicted generally similar contributions for most of the source categories, with some small differences. One of the important findings from this study was that both the CMAQ and CAMx zero-out approaches tended to apportion a larger contribution to the “other” category than the OSAT approach. For the OSAT approach, this category is the difference between the total emissions and the sum of the tracked emissions and consists of non-U.S. emissions. For the zero-out approach, it also includes the effects of nonlinearities in the system because the sum of the sensitivities of all sources is not necessarily equal to the sum of their contributions in a nonperturbed environment. The study illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of source apportionment approaches, such as OSAT, and source sensitivity approaches, such as zero-out. The OSAT approach is suitable for studying source contributions, whereas the zero-out approach is suitable for studying response to emission changes. Future year design values of summer 8-hr average ozone concentrations were projected to decrease at all the selected monitors for all the simulations in each city, except at the downtown Los Angeles monitor. Both the CMAQ and CAMx results showed all modeled locations project attainment in 2018 and 2030 to the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) level of 75 ppb, except the selected Los Angeles monitor in 2018 and the selected San Bernardino monitor in 2018 and 2030.
Implications:This study illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of three modeling approaches, CMAQ zero-out, CAMx zero-out, and OSAT to project contributions of various source categories to future year design values for summer 8-hr average ozone concentrations at selected U.S. monitors. The OSAT approach is suitable for studying source contributions, whereas the zero-out approach is suitable for studying response to emission changes. Future year design values of summer 8-hr average ozone concentrations were projected to decrease, except at the downtown Los Angeles monitor. Comparing projections with the current NAAQS (75 ppb) show attainment everywhere, except two locations in 2018 and one location in 2030. 相似文献
174.
Richard Z. Meng Prakash Karamchandani Christian Seigneur 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):869-874
ABSTRACT The visual impact of primary particles emitted from stacks is regulated according to stack opacity criteria. In-stack monitoring of the flue gas opacity allows plant operators to ensure that the plant meets U.S. Environmental Protection Agency opacity regulations. However, the emission of condensable gases such as SO3 (that hydrolyzes to H2SO4), HCl, and NH3, which may lead to particle formation after their release from the stack, makes the prediction of stack plume opacity more difficult. We present here a computer simulation model that calculates the opacity due to both primary particles emitted from the stack and secondary particles formed in the atmosphere after the release of condensable gases from the stack. A comprehensive treatment of the plume rise due to buoyancy and momentum is used to calculate the location at which the condensed water plume has evaporated (i.e., where opacity regulations apply). Conversion of H2SO4 to particulate sulfate occurs through nucleation and condensation on primary particles. A thermodynamic aerosol equilibrium model is used to calculate the amount of ammonium, chloride, and water present in the particulate phase with the condensed sulfate. The model calculates the stack plume opacity due to both primary and secondary particles. Examples of model simulations are presented for three scenarios that differ by the emission control equipment installed at the power plant: (1) electrostatic precipitators (ESP), (2) ESP and flue gas desulfurization, and (3) ESP and selective catalytic reduction. The calculated opacity is most sensitive to the primary particulate emissions. For the conditions considered here, SO3 emissions showed only a small effect, except if one assumes that most H2SO4 condenses on primary particles. Condensation of NH4Cl occurs only at high NH3 emission rates (about 25 ppm stack concentration). 相似文献
175.
Prakash Anand Palkar Ritesh Ramesh 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(10):24804-24814
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This paper deals with the techniques to use plastic waste for co-processing in cement kiln for energy recovery. Plastics, a versatile material and... 相似文献
176.
Assessment of mining activities on tree species and diversity in hilltop mining areas using Hyperion and Landsat data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kayet Narayan Pathak Khanindra Chakrabarty Abhisek Kumar Subodh Singh Chandra Prakash Chowdary Vemuri Muthayya 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(34):42750-42766
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The tree species and its diversity are two critical components to be monitored for sustainable management of forest as well as biodiversity... 相似文献
177.
Watson JG Chen LW Chow JC Doraiswamy P Lowenthal DH 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2008,58(2):265-288
Receptor models are used to identify and quantify source contributions to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds based on measurements of many chemical components at receptor sites. These components are selected based on their consistent appearance in some source types and their absence in others. UNMIX, positive matrix factorization (PMF), and effective variance are different solutions to the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model equations and are implemented on available software. In their more general form, the CMB equations allow spatial, temporal, transport, and particle size profiles to be combined with chemical source profiles for improved source resolution. Although UNMIX and PMF do not use source profiles explicitly as input data, they still require measured profiles to justify their derived source factors. The U.S. Supersites Program provided advanced datasets to apply these CMB solutions in different urban areas. Still lacking are better characterization of source emissions, new methods to estimate profile changes between source and receptor, and systematic sensitivity tests of deviations from receptor model assumptions. 相似文献
178.
K. Wyat Appel Prakash V. Bhave Alice B. Gilliland Golam Sarwar Shawn J. Roselle 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2008,42(24):6057-6066
This paper is Part II in a pair of papers that examines the results of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 (v4.5) and discusses the potential explanations for the model performance characteristics seen. The focus of this paper is on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical composition. Improvements made to the dry deposition velocity and cloud treatment in CMAQ v4.5 addressing compensating errors in 36-km simulations improved particulate sulfate (SO42−) predictions. Large overpredictions of particulate nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) in the fall are likely due to a gross overestimation of seasonal ammonia (NH3) emissions. Carbonaceous aerosol concentrations are substantially underpredicted during the late spring and summer months, most likely due, in part, to a lack of some secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways in the model. Comparisons of CMAQ PM2.5 predictions with observed PM2.5 mass show mixed seasonal performance. Spring and summer show the best overall performance, while performance in the winter and fall is relatively poor, with significant overpredictions of total PM2.5 mass in those seasons. The model biases in PM2.5 mass cannot be explained by summing the model biases for the major inorganic ions plus carbon. Errors in the prediction of other unspeciated PM2.5 (PMOther) are largely to blame for the errors in total PM2.5 mass predictions, and efforts are underway to identify the cause of these errors. 相似文献
179.
180.
This study aimed to evaluate the reparative potential of ascorbic acid (AA, 100 mg/kg, orally for 28 days) in sub-acute lead (Pb, 100 ppm in drinking water for 28 days) or cypermethrin (CPM, 50 mg/kg, orally in vehicle for 28 days) poisoning alone and as binary mixture on the basis of oxidative stress parameters in erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Both Pb and CPM produced significant increase in lipid peroxidation along with elevated glutathione-S-transferase and catalase activity individually but not as a binary mixture. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly increased but glutathione levels were significantly reduced irrespective of single or co-exposure while the activity of superoxide dismutase and erythrocytic protein content were not significantly affected. Co-exposure led to a comparatively lower level of oxidative stress than that induced by Pb or CPM alone indicating an antagonistic toxicodynamic profile in rat erythrocytes. Co-administration of AA along with Pb and/or CPM significantly restored the oxidative stress parameters to normal values. Overall results indicated that co-exposure induces a lower level of oxidative stress and AA ameliorates Pb- and/or CPM-induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes. 相似文献