新丰江水库欧洲鳗网箱养殖对水质的影响

网箱养殖欧洲鳗使养殖区其周围水体中ＣＯＤ、总氮、总磷等污染物浓度明显升高，尤其大肠杆菌指标不能满足渔业水质标准，富营养化状态这中营养化水平。网箱养鳗过程输入氮的６１．０％，磷的７７．４％都积留于库内，造成局部水域氮磷负荷已明显高于可接受负荷荷甚至拉近危险负荷。     

Effect of nutrient level on phytoplankton community structure in different water bodies

Increasing levels of pollution within water bodies can cause eutrophication and an associated rapid growth in and reproduction of phytoplankton. Although most frequently occurring in bodies of water such as lakes and dams, in recent years an increasing number of river systems in China have suffered serious algal blooms. The community structure of phytoplankton may differ, however, dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions and nutrient levels within the water body. The field investigation results obtained from a stagnant river in Suzhou City and Taihu Lake, China, showed that in water with higher concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Chlorophyta became the predominant species and in water with lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, Cyanobacteria became the predominant species. Growth experiments with competitive species, Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz and Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.), were conducted at three different nutrient levels. The biomass of algae in pure and mixed cultures was measured under conditions of different N/P ratios at oligotrophic, eutrophic and hypertrophic nutrient levels. The results indicated that the most suitable state for the growth and reproduction of M. aeruginosa and S. quadricauda were eutrophic conditions in both pure and mixed cultures. Under competition, however, the lower medium nutrient levels favoured M. aeruginosa, while the higher medium nutrient levels better suited S. quadricauda. Under similar hydrodynamic conditions, the community structure of phytoplankton in the water body was determined by the dominant species in competition for nutrients.     

Pb(Ⅱ) biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads: Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechamsm studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads.Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and different initial concentration of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non-linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However,the adsorption capacity of Pb(Ⅱ) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+), K~+ and Na~+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(Ⅱ) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of two castor cultivars in relation to antioxidant systems

To investigate the effects of Cd on tolerance and antioxidant activities of castor, two different castor（Ricinus communis L.） cultivars（Zibo No. 5 and Zibo No. 8） were used for a hydroponic experiment（0, 1 and 2 mg/L Cd） and a pot experiment using Cd-contaminated soil（34 mg/kg） with the addition of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid（EDTA）. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultivars with respect to Cd uptake in shoots（113–248 mg/kg for Zibo No. 5 and 130–288 mg/kg Zibo No. 8）, biomass tolerance indexes（64.9%–74.6% for Zibo No. 5 and 80.1%–90.9% for Zibo No. 8） in the hydroponic experiment and survival rates（0% for Zibo No. 5 and 100% for Zibo No. 8）determined by the addition of EDTA in the pot experiment, suggesting that Zibo No. 8 has higher tolerance than Zibo No. 5. Moreover, the castor cultivars have low bioconcentration factors（4.80% for Zibo No. 5 and 5.43% for Zibo No. 8） and low translocation factors（〈1%）.Consequently, Zibo No. 8 can participate in Cd phytostabilization in highly Cd-polluted areas. The results indicated that glutathione（GSH） as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase（GPX）, were cultivar- and dose-dependent. The higher tolerance of Zibo No. 8compared with Zibo No. 5 can be attributed to the higher GSH levels in the root and higher GPX activity in the leaf.     

铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究——以鄱阳湖为例

实测表明,在鄱阳湖沉积物各地球化学相中,铜主要赋存于有机相和水合铁锰氧化物相中。沉积物中各地球化学相的含量是金属离子在沉积物中分布的控制因子之一。 本研究通过模拟沉积物对Cu~(2+)的吸附实验求得了一定条件(pH、T℃)下模拟沉积物各相的条件平衡常数,并应用S.M.Oakley、Davies-Colley等所提出的经简化的分配模型,预测了铜在沉积物各地球化学相中的分配,所得结果与实测结果吻合。     

利用放射性同位素115+115mCd对两种污灌土壤中不同形态镉的研究

重金属镉对作物的危害,除了与植物的种、属特性有关之外,还与镉在土壤中的形态密切相关.因此,深入研究镉在土壤中的形态,对镉污染的防治有一定的指导作用. 对于镉在土壤中形态的研究,目前的状况一是研究得还不够多,二是有关形态的分类提法不一.日本园田把镉在土壤中的形态分为全量、交换态、可给态和碱溶态,并认为污染土壤中,交换态占大部分.美国的Silvera等则把它分为水溶态、交换态、可给态和不溶态.我们把这两种提法结合起来,根据我国土壤的特点,将其分为全量、交换态、可给态、碱溶态和水溶态来研究。     

黄浦江上游优先控制有机物的筛选

参考国内外同行有关控制物的筛选方法，通过黄浦江上游饮用水源保护区内水质的污染现状分析，确立了黄浦江上游水源保护区优先控制污染物的筛选原则和筛选程序，建立了黄浦江上游工业废水和地面水中的优先控制的名单。     

Using the Flow Cytometry to Quantify the Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Water Samples

The flow cytometry (FC) has been used to detect Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts quantitatively and instantaneously in this study. The experimental results showed that FC is potential to become a more precise method for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water. This study also evaluated the staining efficiencies for three commercial antibodies. After staining Cryptosporidium oocysts with direct immunofluorescent antibodies in water samples, two populations were detected in the scatter-plots (FL1 versus SSC) of the FC. The Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts are significantly separated from other particles while stained with direct immunofluorescent antibodies produced by Meridian Diagnostics and Waterborne^TM Inc.     

海-陆大气交汇作用下青岛冬季大气PM2.5污染特征与来源解析

为了研究海-陆大气交汇作用对沿海城市大气污染物的传输与扩散的影响,于2019年11月18日至12月23日在青岛观测站采集大气PM_2.5样品,对PM_2.5中的水溶性离子、无机元素和碳质组分特征进行了分析,并结合后向轨迹聚类分析模型和PMF模型等方法对青岛市冬季大气污染来源进行分析.结果表明,青岛冬季ρ(PM_2.5)平均值为61.0μg·m^-3,其中,ρ（水溶性离子）、ρ（无机元素）、ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）平均值分别为29.9、 5.46、 10.2和3.82μg·m^-3;二次离子(SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃、 NH⁺₄)和地壳元素（Si、 K、 Ca、 Fe、 Ti）是主要的离子和元素成分,分别占水溶性离子和无机元素的89.3%和61.1%.青岛市大气主要受局部海陆风气流影响（43.4%）,其次是季风气流（36.2%）,冷空气气流对青岛影响较低（20.4...     

SWB-1型便携式湖泊沉积物─界面水取样器的研制

在湖泊环境的研究中，采到保持原状的沉积物─水界面样品是一项基本工作。根据国外有关资料，在前期研制的沉积物─水界面采样装置的基础上，研制成功了一种新型湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器。本取样器由四部分组成，即连接构件、配重、悬挂密封机构和取样管。取样器是靠自重插入湖泊沉积层，悬挂密封机构将样品封闭于取样管内。本取样器能在深水湖泊中取到30～50cm的湖底沉积物柱及10～30cm的界面水柱。整个取样器重量轻（只有7.5kg），易于携带和野外操作，并配有野外分样装置。本取样器是一种经济有效的湖泊沉积物─水界面取样器，适合于各种环境研究监测部门使用。