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101.
A. J. M. Walker 《Marine Biology》1972,14(1):85-87
Polychaetes of the genus Goniadella
Hartman were found in Liverpool Bay, England, in sand and sandy gravel below depths of 15 m. The worms had most of the characteristics of G. gracilis (Verrill), a species previously recorded only from eastern North America and South Africa. 相似文献
102.
In late 2003 the Feinstein International Famine Center, in partnership with institutions in London, Geneva and Washington, organised a series of consultations on the future of humanitarian action post-Iraq. This article is based on those discussions. A number of recurring concerns are elaborated, ranging from the perception of humanitarianism as a Northern-driven and Northern-controlled enterprise, through the politicisation of security and the devaluation of the protective power of emblems, to the very nature of how the crisis in Iraq is perceived. The article explores the implications of such issues for humanitarian workers and their institutions. It concludes by framing an agenda for action by the humanitarian sector. 相似文献
103.
Definition of an airworthiness certification framework for civil unmanned aircraft systems 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Reece A. Clothier Jennifer L. Palmer Rodney A. Walker Neale L. Fulton 《Safety Science》2011,49(6):871-885
The development of effective safety regulations for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is an issue of paramount concern for industry. The development of this framework is a prerequisite for greater UAS access to civil airspace and, subsequently, the continued growth of the UAS industry. The direct use of the existing conventionally piloted aircraft (CPA) airworthiness certification framework for the regulation of UAS has a number of limitations. The objective of this paper is to present one possible approach for the structuring of airworthiness regulations for civilian UAS. The proposed approach facilitates a more systematic, objective and justifiable method for managing the spectrum of risk associated with the diversity of UAS and their potential operations. A risk matrix is used to guide the development of an airworthiness certification matrix (ACM). The ACM provides a structured categorisation that facilitates the future tailoring of regulations proportionate to the levels of risk associated with the operation of the UAS. As a result, an objective and traceable link may be established between mandated regulations and the overarching objective for an equivalent level of safety to CPA. The ACM also facilitates the systematic consideration of a range of technical and operational mitigation strategies. For these reasons, the ACM is proposed as a suitable method for the structuring of an airworthiness certification framework for civil or commercially operated UAS (i.e., the UAS equivalent in function to the Part 21 regulations for civil CPA) and for the further structuring of requirements on the operation of UAS in un-segregated airspace. 相似文献
104.
Ragosta G Evensen C Atwill ER Walker M Ticktin T Asquith A Tate KW 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(8):1910-1915
Associations were examined between riparian canopy cover, presence of cattle near streams, and month of year with the concentration of Enterococcus (Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 ml) in surface water at Waipā watershed on the North Side of the Hawaiian island Kaua'i. Each one percent decrease in riparian canopy cover was associated with a 3.6 MPN/100 ml increase of waterborne Enterococcus. Presence of cattle near monitoring sites was associated with an increase of 99.3 MPN/100 ml of Enterococcus in individual grab samples. Lastly, summer samples (July) were substantially higher in concentration of Enterococcus than winter collected samples (February) in Enterococcus in sampled streams. These results suggest that reducing canopy cover and introduction of cattle into riparian zones may contribute to increases of Enterococcus concentrations in stream water. 相似文献
105.
Jonathan Winsten Sarah Walker Sandra Brown Sean Grimland 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(8):925-942
The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative for the northeastern states of the U.S. allows for terrestrial carbon (C) sequestration
offsets generated by afforestation activities only. This paper estimates the maximum potential quantity and associated costs
of increasing the storage of carbon by afforestation of existing agricultural land in the 11 states of the Northeast United
States. The focus of the work was to describe location, the quantity, and at what cost it would be economically attractive
to shift agricultural production to afforestation to increase carbon storage in the region. Widely available data sets were
used to (1) identify spatially-explicit areas for lower costs carbon offsets and (2) estimate carbon supply curves related
to afforestation of agricultural land over three time periods (10, 20, and 40 years). Carbon accumulation and total carbon
offset project costs were estimated at a county scale and combined to identify expected costs per ton of carbon dioxide equivalents
(CO2e). Large variation in estimated costs per ton of CO2e are driven by varying carbon accumulation potentials and opportunity costs of taking land out of agricultural production,
as well as the duration of the project activity. Results show that the lowest cost carbon offset projects will be in certain
counties of Maine, Vermont, and New York. Pasture land, with lower opportunity costs, generally presents the opportunity for
lower cost carbon offset projects relative to cropland. This analysis estimates that afforestation of pasture land in the
northeast will not become economically attractive until the price rises above 10 per metric tonne (MT) CO < sub > 2 < /sub > e and that up to 583 million MT could be economically sequestered if the price were to rise to10 per metric tonne (MT) CO2e and that up to 583 million MT could be economically sequestered if the price were to rise to 50 per MT CO2e, based on a 40-year project life. With regard to cropland in the northeast, afforestation does not become economically advantageous
for land owners until the price rises above $40 per MT CO2e. It is estimated that up to 487,000 MT could be sequestered from cropland if the price were to rise to $40 per MT CO2e. It is estimated that up to 487,000 MT could be sequestered from cropland if the price were to rise to 50 per MT CO2e, based on a 40-year project life. 相似文献
106.
Michael Bruce BECK Rodrigo VILLARROEL WALKER 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2013,7(5):640-657
Nexus security is a compound mix of ideas: reconciling human needs and wants with access to multiple resources; diversity of access to those resources and services; resilience in the face of weather- and climaterelated variability; resilience likewise in the face of infrastructure failure; and the personal, individual sense of belonging. At the level of Systems Thinking there is a very close relationship between resilience in the behavior of natural (ecological) systems and resilience in the social dynamics of governance within communities, where such resilience establishes the viability of these communities over centuries, which in turn entails successful stewardship of the man-environment relationship. We use insights from this cross-system mapping — across natural, built, and human systems — to assess, first, the role of city governance in achieving nexus security (or not) and, second, the role of technological innovations in serving the same purpose. More specifically, eight principles, covering resilience and diversity of access to resources and services, are used to gauge security-enhancing features of city buildings and infrastructure. Case studies include new designs of resilient office blocks, nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) recovery systems for sanitation and wastewater treatment, and the reconstruction of urban parks for the provision of ecosystem services. Throughout the paper, matters of risk in the face of meteorological variability are prominent. We do not conclude, however, that the presence of risk implies nexus insecurity. 相似文献
107.
Michael Bruce BECK Rodrigo VILLARROEL WALKER 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2013,7(5):626-639
The role of water security in sustainable development and in the nexus of water, food, energy and climate interactions is examined from the starting point of the definition of water security offered by Grey and Sadoff. Much about the notion of security has to do with the presumption of scarcity in the resources required to meet human needs. The treatment of scarcity in mainstream economics is in turn examined, therefore, in relation to how each of us as individuals reconciles means with ends, a procedure at the core of the idea of sustainable development. According to the Grey-Sadoff definition, attaining water security amounts to achieving basic, single-sector water development as a precursor of more general, self-sustaining, multi-sectoral development. This is consistent with the way in which water is treated as “first among equals”, i.e. privileged, in thinking about what is key in achieving security around the nexus of water, food, energy and climate. Cities, of course, are locations where demands for these multiple resource-energy flows are increasingly being generated. The paper discusses two important facets of security, i.e., diversity of access to resources and services (such as sanitation) and resilience in the behavior of coupled human-built-natural systems. Eight quasi-operational principles, by which to gauge nexus security with respect to city buildings and infrastructure, are developed. 相似文献
108.
Eimear M. Nic Lughadha Vanessa Graziele Staggemeier Thais N. C. Vasconcelos Barnaby E. Walker Cátia Canteiro Eve J. Lucas 《Conservation biology》2019,33(3):511-522
The value of natural history collections for conservation science research is increasingly recognized, despite their well-documented limitations in terms of taxonomic, geographic, and temporal coverage. Specimen-based analyses are particularly important for tropical plant groups for which field observations are scarce and potentially unreliable due to high levels of diversity-amplifying identification challenges. Specimen databases curated by specialists are rich sources of authoritatively identified, georeferenced occurrence data, and such data are urgently needed for large genera. We compared entries in a monographic database for the large Neotropical genus Myrcia in 2007 and 2017. We classified and quantified differences in specimen records over this decade and determined the potential impact of these changes on conservation assessments. We distinguished misidentifications from changes due to taxonomic remodeling and considered the effects of adding specimens and georeferences. We calculated the potential impact of each change on estimates of extent of occurrence (EOO), the most frequently used metric in extinction-risk assessments of tropical plants. We examined whether particular specimen changes were associated with species for which changes in EOO over the decade were large enough to change their conservation category. Corrections to specimens previously misidentified or lacking georeferences were overrepresented in such species, whereas changes associated with taxonomic remodeling (lumping and splitting) were underrepresented. Among species present in both years, transitions to less threatened status outnumbered those to more threatened (8% vs 3%, respectively). Species previously deemed data deficient transitioned to threatened status more often than to not threatened (10% vs 7%, respectively). Conservation scientists risk reaching unreliable conclusions if they use specimen databases that are not actively curated to reflect changing knowledge. 相似文献
109.
The breeding performance of higher predators has often been used to monitor fluctuations in the abundance of important prey
stocks in marine ecosystems. The development of electronic data-loggers in recent years has also provided the opportunity
of using wide-ranging marine animals to measure physical oceanographic conditions. In this study, time–depth recorders (TDRs)
programmed to record temperature were deployed on female Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) at Bird Island, South Georgia (54°00′S; 38°02′W) during the breeding seasons 1994 to 1998. Temperature sensors had relatively
slow response times, and thermal radiation errors occurred during the day when seals spent a large proportion of their time
at the surface. Nevertheless, measurements provided temperature–depth profiles which were typical of the vertical stratification
of the ocean. During the early stages of a foraging trip temperature increased, suggesting that fur seals travelled northwards
from South Georgia towards the warmer waters of the Polar Front. In addition, higher temperatures were recorded by females
that remained at sea for longer, implying that these individuals also travelled further. Mean sea-surface temperature (SST)
increased from ∼1 to 4 °C from December to March and agreed with SSTs from ship, buoy and satellite. Future studies on marine
mammals which combine satellite tracking with oceanographic measurements are likely to provide valuable information on biophysical
aspects of the ocean.
Received: 16 June 1998 / Accepted: 13 February 1999 相似文献
110.
Barnaby E. Walker Tarciso C. C. Leão Steven P. Bachman Eve Lucas Eimear Nic Lughadha 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e13992
Assessing species’ extinction risk is vital to setting conservation priorities. However, assessment endeavors, such as those used to produce the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, have significant gaps in taxonomic coverage. Automated assessment (AA) methods are gaining popularity to fill these gaps. Choices made in developing, using, and reporting results of AA methods could hinder their successful adoption or lead to poor allocation of conservation resources. We explored how choice of data cleaning type and level, taxonomic group, training sample, and automation method affect performance of threat status predictions for plant species. We used occurrences from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) to generate assessments for species in 3 taxonomic groups based on 6 different occurrence-based AA methods. We measured each method's performance and coverage following increasingly stringent occurrence cleaning. Automatically cleaned data from GBIF performed comparably to occurrence records cleaned manually by experts. However, all types of data cleaning limited the coverage of AAs. Overall, machine-learning-based methods performed well across taxa, even with minimal data cleaning. Results suggest a machine-learning-based method applied to minimally cleaned data offers the best compromise between performance and species coverage. However, optimal data cleaning, training sample, and automation methods depend on the study group, intended applications, and expertise. 相似文献